英语中主动表被动情况小结

主动表被动：指形式无被动结构而含被动意义的主动形式，即句中某个名词或代词与某个动词存在逻辑动宾关系或为被动关系，用主动结构表被动意思。小结如下：一、谓语动词用主动表被动的五种情形(1)某些连系动词(如look,sound,smell,feel,taste,prove,turnout等)要用主动表被动，因为连系动词没有被动语态形式：Thatdoglooksdangerous.Yourideasoundsgood.Myadviceproved(tobe)wrong.（2）某些可以和well,easily,smoothly等副词连用的动词如read,write,wash,clean,draw,burn,cook,sell,lock,open,shut,且主语是非生命的名词或代词,用主动结构表被动意思,e.g.①Thiskindofbooksellswell.②Thepenwritessmoothly.③Theclothwasheswell.④Thepoemreadssmoothly.⑤Thetabledoesn’tcleaneasily.⑥Thiskindofricecooksmoreeasilythanthatkind.（3）某些表示开始和结束的动词(begin,start,end等)，当主语为事物且不强调动作的执行者时，可用主动语态表示被动意义。Whendoestheconcertbegin?音乐会什么时候开始？Theplayendedatteno’clock.戏10点钟结束。（4）一些不及物动词或短语是不用被动的，如：happen,takeplace,comeabout,breakout,datebackto，belongto等1.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthevillagerecently.2.Twoworldwarsbrokeoutlastcentury.3.Afirebrokeoutinthehospitalinthemid-night.4.Canyoutellmehowtheaccidentcameabout?Thestoryhappenedin2003.5.Acaraccidenthappenedtoherthismorning?(5)当need/want/require/deserve等动词后的动词用v-ing形式时,用主动结构表被动意思,相当于tobedone,e.g.①Mywatchneedsrepairing（＝toberepaired）.②Thehousewantspainting（＝tobepainted）.二、非谓语动词用主动表被动的几种情形(1)不定式toblame,tolet,toseek用作表语时，通常要用主动形式表示被动意义：Whoistoblame?该怪谁呢？Heshouldn’tbetoblamefortheaccident.他不该为此次事故负责。Abetterwayisyettoseek.还得找一种更好的办法。(2)某些“名（代）be+形容词+todo”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义：Thequestionisdifficulttoanswer.这问题很难回答。Yourwritingisimpossibletoread.你的书写没法认。Doyouthinkthewaterissafetodrink?你认为这水喝起来安全吗?Heiseasytogetalongwith.他很好相处。【注】有时形容词后跟有名词，在名词后用作定语的不定式用主动形式表示被动意义：It’sadifficultbooktoread.Itisapleasantthingtoremember.在该结构中，不定式动词必须是及物动词，如果是不及物动词，需加上适当的介词。Thechairiscomfortabletositin.(3)不定式在某些动词(如have,havegot,get,want,need等)的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，则要用主动形式表示被动意义：Ihavesomeletterstowrite.我有一些信要写。Iwantsomethingtodrink.我想喝点什么。Iwanttogetsomethingtoread.我想找点东西看。【注】如果不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，则应用被动式，比较：Ihavesomethingtotype.我有些东西要打(字)。(指自己打字)Ihavesomethingtobetyped.我有些东西要打(字)。(指请人打字)(4)不定式用于with复合结构时，主动表被动例:Withalotofworktodo,hewillbebusyallday.Withmanythingstobuy,hewenttothesupermarket.（5）beworth后的动名词要用主动表被动。如：Inall,thebookisworthreading.总之，这本书值得一读。Thismightbeworththinkingabout.这可能值得考虑。【注】与worth相似的worthy却不一样，其后不接动名词而接不定式(若接动名词则其前应有介词of)，且要用被动式表示被动含义。如：Thisbookisworthytoberead[ofbeingread].这本书值得一读。三、介词短语用主动表被动的四种情形：“in+名词”/“under+名词”短语/on+名词”Thenewmusichallisunderconstruction.Yourproposalisunderconsideration.Isthemachinestillinaction?WhenwaspapermoneyinuseinChina?Thebuildingisonfire.Everyarticleonviewwillbeonsale.【注】这类表达中的名词前通常没有冠词，且该名词一般都具有动作意义。如，underattack，underdiscussion，underexamination，underrepair(在修缮中)insight(看得见)，in(good)repair(维修良好的)，instore(贮藏着)onsaleontrial(在试用)，ondisplay(在展出)，onshow(在展出)，onexhibition(在展出)等。有些类似的短语有the表被动，无the表主动：inchargeof负责inthechargeof由…负责inpossessionof拥有inthepossessionof被…拥有1.Thefactoryisinthechargeofmybrother.2.Maryisinchargeofthechildren.3.Asinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortune,mustbeinwantofawife.Weareinpossessionofyouropinion.4.ThiscarisinthepossessionofMr.Smith.Inthosecasestherewasoftenawaytogetthe29babyback.Youcould30theChangelingonthefire--thenitwouldriseupthechimney,andyouwouldhearthesoundoffairies’laughterandsoonafteryouwouldfindyourownchildsafeandsoundnearby.29.A.littleB.paleC.sadD.real30.A.seizeB.burnC.placeD.hold