高中英语语法.虚拟语气详解

虚拟语气定义虚拟语气（theSubjunctiveMood）表示说话人的一种愿望、建议、命令、要求，有时是一种非真实的假设、料想，或是不可能实现的、与事实相反的愿望。陈述语气（theIndicativeMood）用来陈述一个事实，或提出一个想法，有肯定、否定、疑问和感叹等形式。考点1.条件句中的虚拟语气的用法/倒装；2.名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法；3.几种特殊结构中虚拟语气的用法；4.虚拟语气与陈述语气的判定。主要形式(1)与现在事实相反的非真实条件句，谓语动词形式如下：从句：过去时主句：would/should/could/might+动词原形IfIwereyou,Iwouldaskourteacherforadvice.如果我是你的话，我就去请教老师了。(2)与过去事实相反的非真实条件句，谓语动词形式如下：从句：过去完成时主句：would/should/could/mighthave+过去分词IfIhadn’ttakenthewrongbus,Iwouldn’thavemissedthecontest.如果我没有乘错车，我就不会不参加竞赛了。(3)与将来事实相反的非真实条件句，谓语动词形式如下：从句：过去时/should+动词原形/wereto+动词原形主句：would/should/could/might+动词原形IfIhadenoughmoneynextmonth,Iwouldbuyacopyof“TheAdvancedLearnersDictionaryofCurrentEnglish”.如果我下个月有足够的钱，我就会买一本《现代高级英语学习词典》。if引导的虚拟条件句区别:Ifitrainstomorrow,thecropswillbesaved.陈述语气Ifitrainedtomorrow,thecropswouldbesaved.虚拟语气与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句If+主+did(were),主+would/should/could/might+动词原形1.如果我是你，我会再试一次。IfIwereyou,Iwouldtryitagain.2.如果我有一百万美元，我会买下这架飞机。IfIhadonemilliondollars,Iwouldbuytheplane.与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句If+主+haddonesth.,主+would/should/could/might+动词完成式（havedone）1.如果他努力学习的话，他就会通过这次考试了。Ifhehadworkedhard,hewouldhavepassedtheexamination.2.要是当时我和她结了婚的话，那我是很不幸的。IfIhadmarriedherthen,Iwouldhavebeenunhappy.与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句(通常有时间状语)If+主+did(wereto/shoulddo),主+would/should/could/might+动词原形1.如果他明天来的话,我会告诉他这件事。Ifhecameheretomorrow,Iwouldtellhimaboutit.2.如果他明天来的话,我会告诉他。Ifheweretocomeheretomorrow,Iwouldtellhim.条件状语的倒装：如果条件状语中有were,had,should时,可以倒装成：Were/Should/Had+主+其他IfIwereyou,Iwouldtryitagain.→WereIyou,Iwouldtryitagain.Ifhehadbeenthereyesterday,hewouldhaveseenthefilm.→Hadhebeenthereyesterday,hewouldhaveseenthefilm.Ifitshouldsnowtomorrow,wewouldn’tgoout.→Shoulditsnowtomorrow,wewouldn’tgoout.wish引导的虚拟句wish+thatHowIwishIfonlydid/were现在haddone过去would/might/coulddo将来(1)我要是记得地址就好了。（真可惜我忘了）IwishIrememberedtheaddress.(2)要是他没有离开这里就好了。（他已离开）HowIwishhehadnotleft.(3)要是明天下雨就好了。（说话人已预料到明天不会下雨）Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.Ifonly要是……就好了=Iwish（1）IfonlyIknewhisnamenow!（2）Ifonlywehadfollowedyouradvicelasttime!（3）IfonlyIcouldseehimagainnextyear!（4）要是我们的父母能和我们住在一起就好了。Ifonlyourparentscouldlivewithus!（5）要是我没错过火车就好了.IfonlyIhadn’tmissedthetrain!asif/though区别：HespeaksEnglishasif/thoughheisfromtheUSA.陈述语气HespeaksEnglishasif/thoughhewerefromtheUSA.虚拟语气2.asif/though+Clause现在：过去：将来:did/werehaddonewould+动词原形Shelovesthebabyasifitwereherownson.HespeaksasifhehadbeentotheUnitedStates.时间条件从句if主句过去haddonewould/should/could/mighthavedone现在did/werewould/should/could/mightdo将来1.shoulddo2.weretodo3.didevenif/though,wish,ifonly等从句的虚拟与它相同。虚拟语气theSubjunctiveMood1.如果我是你，我就听从他的建议。IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavetakenhisadvice.从句表示现在，主句表示过去2.如果你听我的话，现在就不会这么糟糕了。Ifyouhadlistenedtome,youmightnotbeinsuchtroublenow.从句表示过去，主句表示现在3.如果这些天一直没下雨，我们现在就可以进行工作了。Ifithadn’tbeenrainingthesedays,weshouldbegoingonwiththework.从句表示过去进行，主句表示现在进行注意:主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气(混合条件句):有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作、发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。Ifyouhadn’tlentmesomemoney,Icouldn’thaveboughtthenewhouseandmostlikelyIwouldbestilllivinginthedangeroushousenow.假若你不借钱给我，我不可能买下这幢新房，很可能现在还住在危房里。（从句说明过去，主句说明过去和现在。）名词性从句中要求用虚拟语气的动词表示“建议，命令，要求”等意义时，名词性从句用(should)＋动词原形。(1)建议：动词advise,suggest,propose,recommend(名词advice,suggestion,proposal,recommendation)(2)命令：名词order,command(3)要求：动词request,require,demand,ask,insist(名词request,requirement,demand)【注意】(1)suggest意为“表明，暗示”时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。(2)insist意为“坚持认为，坚持说”时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。Iwish(that)＋宾语从句(虚拟语气)(1)表示愿望与现在事实相反，从句用一般过去时。(2)表示愿望与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时。(3)表示愿望实现的可能性很小，从句常用could/might/would＋动词原形。wouldrather/prefer＋that从句(从句用虚拟语气)(1)表示愿望与现在事实相反，从句用一般过去时。(2)表示愿望与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时。注意：名词性从句表示说话人“强烈”的感情色彩时，从句用should＋动词原形/should＋havedone，should可译为“应该；居然，竟然”。should可以省略。虚拟语气特殊句型1.wouldratherthat现在：过去：未来：过去时过去完成时过去时（1）Iwouldratheryoupaidmenow.（2）Iwouldratheryouhadgone,too.（3）Don’tcome.Iwouldratheryoucametomorrow.注意:在主语＋would(had)rather＋that宾语从句中，从句谓语一般用过去式表示虚拟形式。例如:（1）我真希望你告诉我真相。I’dratheryoutoldmethetruth.（2）我宁愿不再见到你。I’dratherIdidn’tseeyouagain.（3）我倒希望他们和我一起去。Iwouldrathertheywentwithme.注意：如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。Itlooksasifyouaretired.2.It’s(about/high)time+that——过去时should+v.（1）你该走了。It’shightimethatyouwent.It’shightimethatyouweregoing.It’shightimethatyoushouldgo.（2）我们该去睡觉了。It’stimethatwewenttobed.It’stimethatweshouldgotobed.3.without和butfor构成虚拟。butfor要不是Withoutsunlight,people’slifewouldbedifferentfromtoday.Butforyourhelp,Iwouldn’thavefinishedthework.Withoutyourhelp,Iwouldhavefailed.Butforwater,itwouldbeimpossibletoliveinthedesert.4.Ifonly(1)要是……就好了=Iwish①Ifonlyourparentscouldlivewithus!要是我们的父母能和我们住在一起就好了。②IfonlyIhadn’tmissedthetrain!要是我没错过火车就好了！(2)=aslongas常用陈述语气.Wecansurelyovercomethesedifficultiesifonlywearecloselyunited.如果我们紧密团结就一定能战胜一切困难。5.It’snecessary/strange/natural/important+that-Clause从句中的动词要用虚拟，即（should）+动词原形如：Itisimportantthatwe(should)masteraforeignlanguage.Itisstrangethatsherefusetocometotheparty.It’snecessarythatweshouldstudyhard.6.otherwise和supposing也可以引导虚拟语气。例如：（1）Thestormstopped,otherwisethesailorswouldhavefallenintothesea.（2）I’mgettingcold,otherwiseIwouldkeepher.（3）Suppose(Supposing)yourfriendsknewhowyouarebehavinghere,whatwouldtheythink?7.sothat与