英语语法基础--时态

•（一）、一般现在时•（二）、现在进行时•（三）、一般将来时•（四）、一般过去时(一).一般现在时•1.基本意义：•1)表示现阶段经常性、习惯性的动作或状态。如：•Igotoschoolonfoot.•Thetreesaregreen.•2)表示个人爱好、习惯。如：•Ilikeredandpink.•Theyhatetodolotsofhousework.•3)表示客观真理或自然现象。如：•Leavesturnyellowinautumn.•Ourteachertoldusthatwaterfreezesbelowzero.2.基本构成•1)当表示习惯性的动作时，它的构成是：主语+实义动词+其它。•当主语是we,you,they或复数名词时，句子的谓语动词用原形。当主语是he,she,it,等时，动词要用第三人称单数。变换句型时，要用助动词do/does。如：•Shegoestobedlateeveryday.•Wedon'tcleanourbedroomonSundays.•DoyoucleanyourbedroomonSunday?•2)当表示存在的状态时，它的构成是：主语+am/is/are+其它。变换句型时，要借助be动词。如：•AreJimandDannyinChinanow?•Yes,theyare./No,theyaren't.3.常用时间状语：•everyday/month/year,onSundays,inthemorning/afternoon/evening,always,usually,often,sometimes,never,threetimesaweek,everyfourdays等。4.注意问题：•一般现在时主要由动词原形表示，但第三人称单数后的动词词尾有所变化。第三人称单数动词词尾的变化有几种形式：•(1).一般情况加-s(reads,says,takes)•(2).以ch,sh,s,x,或o结尾的词加-esteaches,washes,goes,misses,•(3).以辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为i再加-esstudies,cries,carries同步练习•1.Mikesometimes__________(go)totheparkwithhissister.•2.Ateightatnight,she__________(watch)TVwithhisparents.•3.________Mike________(read)Frencheveryday?•4.Howmanylessons_________yourclassmate________(have)onMonday?•5.Whattime_________hismother_________(do)thehousework?同步练习•1.Mikesometimesgoestotheparkwithhissister.•2.Ateightatnight,shewatchesTVwithhisparents.•3.DoesMikereadFrencheveryday?•4.HowmanylessonsdoesyourclassmatehaveonMonday?•5.Whattimedoeshismotherdothehousework?(二).现在进行时•[语法讲解]•1.现在进行时的基本用法:•1)表示说话时正在进行的动作:常和now连用，有时用一个动词如look（看）、listen（听）来表示now（现在）这一时间概念。•Look！Adogisrunningafteracat.•Listen！Heisplayingthepiano.•2)表示现阶段正在进行着的动作:但不一定是说话时正在进行。常和atpresent（目前）、thisweek（本周）、thesedays（这几天）等时间状语连用。•Whatlessonareyoustudyingthisweek？•你们本周学哪一课了？（说话时并不在学）•3)现在进行时有时可用来表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作即是说可以用来代替将来时，但此时，一般要与表示将来的时间状语连用，而且仅限于少量动词。如：go（去）、come（来）、leave（离开）、start（开始）、arrive（到达）、return（返回）、…•Howmanyofyouarecomingtothepartynextweek？•SheisleavingforTianjingtomorrow.2.基本构成：be+doing现在分词的几种改变方式：•1）动词+ing：play（游玩）—playing，study（学习）—studying•2）去e+ing：write（写）—writing，make（做）—making，take（取）—taking•3）双写词尾+ing：stop（停止）—stopping，cut（砍）—cutting，sit（坐）—sitting•4）特殊变化：lie-lying,die-dying[边讲边练]•用动词适当形式填空：•1)Whatareyou_________(do)now?I___________(eat)bread.•2)It’snineo’clock.My•father_____________(work)intheoffice.•3)Look,theboy____________(put)therubbishintothebin.•4)__________he__________(clean)theclassroom?No,heisn’t.•He____________(play).•5)WhereisMark?He___________(run)onthegrass.•6)Listen,who____________(sing)inthemusicroom?Oh,Mary________(sing)there.[边讲边练]•用动词适当形式填空：•1)Whatareyoudoingnow?Iameatingbread.•2)It’snineo’clock.Myfatherisworkingintheoffice.•3)Look,theboyisputtingtherubbishintothebin.•4)Ishecleaningtheclassroom?No,heisn’t.•Heisplaying.•5)WhereisMark?Heisrunningonthegrass.•6)Listen,whoissinginginthemusicroom?Oh,Maryissingingthere.(三).一般将来时•1.一般将来时的基本概念：一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。一般将来时由助动词shall（第一人称），will（第二、三人称）+动词原形构成。•2．时间状语连用，如：•tomorrow（明天），nextweek（下周），fromnowon（从现在开始）；inthefuture（将来）等。•3．一般将来时的其他用法•1）“tobegoingto+动词原形”表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例如：•①Itisgoingtorain.•②Wearegoingtohaveameetingtoday.•2）go，come，start，move，sail，leave，arrive，stay等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作，例如：•I'mleavingforBeijing.•1.Theoldman__________(getup)atsixo’clockinthemorningeveryday.•2.We_____________(do)somesightseeingtomorrowbecausewelikeChineseculture.•3.Tony_________(take)atestnextweek.•4.They___________________(have)apartywiththeirfriendsthedayaftertomorrow.•5.They_____________(stay)inahotelinSanFranciscoatthemoment,butthey___________(move)toanotherhotelverysoon.•1.Theoldmangetsupatsixo’clockinthemorningeveryday.•2.Wearegoingtodo/willdosomesightseeingtomorrowbecausewelikeChineseculture.•3.Tonywilltake/isgoingtotakeatestnextweek.•4.Theywillhave/aregoingtohaveapartywiththeirfriendsthedayaftertomorrow.•5.TheystayinahotelinSanFranciscoatthemoment,buttheyaremovingtoanotherhotelverysoon.(四).一般过去时•表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。谓语动词要用一般过去式。经常与yesterday,lastweek,lastmonth,lastyear,twomonthsago,thedaybeforeyesterday，in1990,inthosedays等表示过去的时间状语连用。如：Iwasbornin1990.•Whendidyougotothepark?•Iwenttotheparklastweek.1.一般过去时态句子结构•(1).Be动词的一般过去时态构成：肯定句：主语+was(were)+表语如：Iwaslateyesterday.•否定句：主语+was(were)+not+表语如：Weweren'tlateyesterday.•Shewasn'tateacherthreeyearsago.疑问句：一般疑问句：Was(Were)+主语+表语如：Wereyouillyesterday?•Weretheyonceyourclassmates？肯定回答：Yes,Iwas.否定句：No,Iwasn't.•特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+Was(Were)+主语+表语•Whowereyourbestfriendsinyourprimaryschool?(2).实义动词的一般过去时态•肯定句要使用动词的过去式，否定句和疑问句要使用助动词do和does的过去式did.•肯定句为：主语+动词过去式+宾语如：Iwenthomeatnineo'clockyesterday.否定句：主语+didn't+动词原形+宾语如：Ididn'tgohomeyesterday.•Hedidn'ttellmeaboutyou.疑问句：一般疑问句：Did+主语+动词原形+宾语如：Didyougohomeyesterday?•Didyoustudyintheschool?•肯定回答：Yes,Idid.•否定回答：No,Ididn't.•特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+did+主语+动词原型+宾语•Whendidyoufinishyourhomeworklastnight?•Whatdidyoudothedaybeforeyesterday?(3).助动词和情态动词过去式如下shall―should（将要）用于第一人称单数will―would（将要）用于所有人称can―could（能，会）may―might（可以）must―must（必须）haveto―hadto（不得不）助动词和情态动词的过去时态要使用他们的过去式，后面的动词还使用原形。如：Ihadtodomyhomeworkyesterday.(昨天我不得不做作业。)2.一般过去时态动词变化形式•一般过去时态由动词的过去式表示。大多数动词的过去式是在动词原形后加上ed构成。这类动词称为规则动词。1）一般