第八章 Idioms and Translation 成语与翻译(2)..

第八章Idioms和熟语的翻译第一、二节：概述与习语（熟语）的来源1).Definition(定义）2).Features（特点）3).Sources(来源)4).Classification(分类）5).Methods（翻译方法）6).NoteworthyPoints（注意要点）1).Definition(定义）(1).Anidiomisagroupofwordsestablishedbyusageashavingameaningnotdeducedfromthoseoftheindividualwords.(NewOxfordDictionaryofEnglish,1998)成语（习语）是习用的一组词，其意义不能从词组里的某个词的意义演绎出来(2).Anidiomisasetphraseoftwoormorewordsthatmeanssomethingdifferentfromtheliteralmeaningoftheindividualwords.(Ammer,1997)成语（习语）是由两个或多个词组成的固定词组，它的意义不同于各组成词的字面意义（3）成语（熟语）—人们长期以来习用的、形式简洁而意思精辟的、定型的词组或短语（短句）（《现代汉语词典》）Inabroadsense,anidiommayrefertoashortphraseorashortsentence,suchasasetphrase,aproverb,asaying,aquotation,amaxim,acolloquialism,oraslangexpression,etc.a).SetPhrases(成语)callaspadeaspadeafterone’sheart才高八斗b).Proverbs/Sayings/Maxims(谚语、箴言)ForbiddenfruitissweetEnoughisasgoodasafeast江山易移，本性难改c).Colloquialisms(俗语)keephandsinpockets,haveanotherfishtofry早霞不出门，晚霞行千里d).SlangExpressions(俚语)topaythedebtofnatureanswerthecallofnature翘辫子e).EnigmaticFolkExpressions(歇后语)老虎吃天—无从下手Atigerwantstoeatthesky—notknowingwheretostart.2).FeaturesofE.Idioms(英语成语的特征)(1).习用性（idiomaticity)(2).定型型（syntacticstability)(3).整体性（semanticunity)(4).不透明性（semanticopacity)(1).习用性（idiomaticity)a).playone’scardsclosetoone’sheartb).Billandcoo(2).定型性(syntacticstability)a).inabrownstudy冥思苦想b).lipservicec).titfortatd).assureaseggsiseggs(3).整体性(semanticunity)a).knowtheropes懂行b).falloffone’schairc).flyoffthehandled).undertheweather(euphemism)(4).不透明性(semanticopacity)a).beattheair徒劳无益b).hangone’sheadc).spillthebeans3).SourcesofE.Idioms(成语/熟语的来源）(1)、地理环境a).drinklikeafishb).nailone’scolorstothemastc).asclose/freshasanoyster(2).宗教信仰a).IdiomsfromTheBible(《圣经》故事、传说)(a).handwritingonthewall不祥之兆(b).passbyontheotherside不表同情，不予帮助(c).turntheothercheekb).IdiomsrelatedwithcharactersorplacesinTheBible（与《圣经》人物、地名有关）(a).theoldAdam(b).outoftheark（3）文学作品a).IdiomsfromShakespeare’sWorks(a).onepoundofflesh(TheMerchantofVenice)合法而不合理的要求(b).cakesandale（TheTwelfthNight)(c).manofmould(KingHenryV)b).IdiomsfromWorksbyOtherWriters(a).mindone’seyes(BarnabyRudge)小心谨慎(b).KingCharles’shead(DavidCopperfield)(c).manFriday(RobinsonCrusoe)(4).神话和寓言a).GreekandRomanMythology(a).undertherose严守秘密，私下里(b).betweenScyllaandCharybdisb).IdiomsfromFables(Aesop(a).Aflyonthewheel(b).crywolf(c).blowhotandcold(5)、风俗习惯a).Socialconvention(社会习俗）(a).abovethesalt/belowthesalt受人尊敬/无足轻重b).Idiomsrelatedtocolors（与颜色有关）(a).bleedsomebodywhite榨干某人的钱财(b).atrueblue(c).blackspot(d).rollouttheredcarpetc).Profession(与职业有关）(a).putouttograss年老退休(b).throwinthespongetowel(c).barkupthewrongtree4).Classification（分类）Intermsoftheirgrammaticalfunctions,E.idiomscanbeclassifiedasfollows:(1).IdiomsNominalinNature(名词性成语）A.adj.+nwhiteelephant,bluechipB.n+prep+nanappleofdiscord,afriendatcourtC.n+and+nrankandfile,fleshandblood,partandparcel,bagandbaggageC.n+nbraintrust,braindrain,(2).IdiomsAdjectivalinNature(形容词性成语）A.adj.+adj.a).cutanddriedb).highandmightyc).roughandreadyB.pre+na).onthego忙个不停，活跃着b).oncallc).beyondthepaleC.adj.(adv.)+pre.phrasea).upintheair十分激动，气愤，悬而未决的b).wetbehindtheearc).wideofthemark(3).IdiomsVerbalinNature(动词性成语）A.v+na).drawablank终于失败b).fitthebill适合某人的目的c).misstheboatd).makeitB.v+pre.Phrasea).comebacktoearthb).swimagainstthestreamc).jumpdownone’sthroatC.v+n+pre.phrasea).takethechangeoutofsomeone报复某人b).burnthecandleatbothendsD.v+n+prep.a).makeshortworkof迅速处理b).makeacleanbreastofE.v+and+va).chopandchangeb).tossandturn(4).IdiomsAdverbialinNature(副词性成语）A.n+and+na).toothandnail竭尽全力地b).neckandneckB.prep+n(+a)a).withflyingcolors出色地，成功地b).inabreezec).innothingflatC.prep+n+and+nthroughthickandthin,betweenthedevilandthedeepseaD.adv.+or+adv.nowornever4）MethodstoTranslateEnglishIdioms1).Literaltranslation(直译)a.fishintroubledwaters混水摸鱼b.callwhiteblack颠倒黑白c.addfueltotheflames火上浇油d.mindfulofpersonalgainsandlossese.inbroaddaylightf.beonthiniceg.blowone’sownhorn/trumpeth.bewildwithjoyi.barkatthemoonj.rackthebraink.beyondcurel.smoothtonguem.nodtoitsfalln.fishforpraise2)Literaltranslationwithannotations(直译加注)a).Hellfire地狱之火(苦苦折磨人的东西)b).aJudaskiss犹大之吻（背叛行为,口蜜腹剑）c).aswiseasSolomon像所罗门一样聪明(富有智慧)d).Agooddogdeservesagoodbone.好狗应该得好骨头（有功者受奖）。e).Anolddogwilllearnnonewtricks.老狗学不出新把戏（老顽固不能学新事物）f.stickandcarrotg.Thetowerofivoryh.theTrojanhorsei.Edenj.crossone’sfingersk.aSphinx’sriddlel.Waterloom.Watergaten.olivebranch3).Substitutivetranslation套译(借用)法(有些英语习语在比喻意义上同汉语习语基本相似，但在形象或比喻手法上略有不同）A.E.andC.idiomswithsimilarimages(形象比喻相同)a.praisetotheskies捧上天去b.bedeaddrunk烂醉如泥c.lootaburninghoused.deadofnighte.burnone’sboatd.hangbyahaire.flyintoaragef.catchatshadowsg.afterone’shearth.withonevoicei.greenhillsandwaterB).E.andC.withsimilarmeaningsbutdifferentimages(意义相似但形象或比喻手法不相同)a).adropintheocean沧海一粟b).leavenostoneunturned千方百计c).laughoffone’sheadd).haveanaxetogrinde).aflashinthepanf).haveafootinthegraveg).fishintheairh).asclearasbroaddaylighti).showone’scolorsj).bytheskinofone’steethk).showone’sheadl).sixofoneandadozenoftheotherm).aleapinthedarkn).bleedlikeapig血流如注4).FreeTranslation(意译法)a).raincatsanddogs倾盆大雨b).befullofbeans精力充沛c).to