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垂悬分词一般来讲,分词或分词短语在句子中充当状语时,其逻辑主语与句子主语一致,如:Openingthedrawerhetookoutarevolver.其中opening的逻辑主语是句子主语he。当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,则应将分词的逻辑主语补出来,如:Georgeyawning,theconversationdropped.这种分词结构被称作独立主格结构。•但有时我们遇到这种情况:分词的主语既不与句子主语一致,分词本身又非独立主格结构,如:•Goingupthehill,thestatueofLincolnstruckmyeye.在登上山的当儿,林肯的雕像十分引我注目。•Tiredbuthappy,thebuswhiskedushome.我们虽然疲乏,但很高兴,公共汽车飞快地把我们送到了家。这种分词在语法上被称作垂悬分词(danglingparticiple),也叫无依着分词。垂悬分词从起源上来说,是语言的错误使用(performanceerror),即将分词的主语与句子的主语错误联系,从而产生垂悬分词,所以有人又叫它错关联分词(misrelatedparticiple)。•垂悬分词通常出现在句子开头或接近开头的位置,与句子中的其它成分不产生必要的句法关系,特别是它与句子主语无逻辑关系。鉴于这种特点,垂悬分词别名为:独立分词(absoluteparticiple)或孤立分词(isolatedparticiple)。•垂悬分词多数为现在分词,少数为过去分词。本文将从使用场合和情况对垂悬分词进行分类、归纳和总结。1.当分词主语是不定人称时,如:Whendiningintherestaurant,ajacketandtiearerequired.2.当分词的主语是表示时间、天气、自然现象等的无人称代词it时,如:BeingChristmas,thegovernmentofficeswereclosed.3.当分词的暗含主语是句子的整体时,如:Thesirensounded,indicatingthattheair-raidwasover.Unknowntohisclosestadvisers,hehadsecretlynegotiatedwithanenemyemissary.4.在正式科技文章中,分词前常常带有连词,其主语通常与I,we,you等同,如:Wheninstallingaboiler,thefloorspacewhichisavailableisveryimportant.5.垂悬分词最常见于方式分离状语(styledisjunct),表明说话人对所说的话的方式、条件以及说话人的态度或看法,这种用法可细分为以下几种情况:a.说话者用垂悬分词引出话题,如:talkingof,gettingbackto,comingto等,意思为“谈到……,关于……,回到……”等,请看例句:Gettingbacktoourstory,theprincesswaskilled.Comingtothisquestion,Isayno.b.垂悬分词表明说话者的说话方式,如:puttingitmildly,franklyspeaking,generallyspeaking,roughlyspeaking,broadlyspeaking,biologicallyspeaking等,请看例句:Puttingitmildly,youhavecausedussomeinconvenience.Generallyspeaking,dogsaremorefaithfultomenthancats.c.有些垂悬分词或词组表明说话的依据或视角,如:judgingfrom,accordingto,considering,viewingitfrom,seeing,例如:1.Judgingfromhisexpression,heisinabadmood.2.AccordingtoBarthes,theauthorhaddied.3.Consideringthelowprice,thecarisworthbuying.d.有些垂悬分词或词组还为说话者所说内容的成立提供条件,如:providing(that),provided(that),supposing,given,意思为“if或with”,wanting和failing意思为“without”。例如:•Providedthatafilmentertains,fewpeoplecareaboutitsothermerits.•Givenprudenceandpatience,anybodycanachievesomething.•Supposingthistobetrue,heiscertainlythemurderer.e.表示转折性的垂悬分词或词组有:admittingthat,allowedthat,allowingfor,considering(that),assumingthat,seeingthat,grantingthat,grantedthat,notwithstanding,请看例句:Allowingfor(=Considering)thedeficiencies,theshowisasuccess.Granted(=Granting)thatyouareright,youshouldnotgetangry.Admitting(=Assuming=Allowing)thatheisdrunk,thatisnoexcuse.以上列举的垂悬分词,我们可以得到一个总体印象:垂悬分词虽然在产生之初为错误联系使用所致,但一旦被言语社团成员所接受,便成为正确英语;由于其产生的特殊性,及其使用场合的有限性,垂悬分词与一般分词相比灵活程度差一些,也就是说,垂悬分词的表达及用途相对固定。甚至于有些垂悬分词词组已被很多词典编撰者当作固定词组来看待,如上文中的generallyspeaking,franklyspeaking,judgingfrom,comingtodetails等。另外,从词性角度来看,有些垂悬分词已不再被看作是分词,失去了动词的本性,已演变成介词或连词。被当作介词看待的垂悬分词有:considering,counting,including,barring,bating,excepting,excepted,concerning,regarding,respecting,touching,wanting,failing,pending,saving等等,例如:Consideringitscost,thismachineisnotworthbuying.Heaskedmequestionsconcerningmyhealth.PendingareportfromRancy,we'llproceedasplanned.Iknownothingrespectingthatgirl..•已变成连词的垂悬分词有:providing(that),provided(that),saving,notwithstanding,seeing,considering,granting,granted,admitting,assuming,allowing,supposing等等。例句:•Hewasprudentnotwithstandingthathewasyoung.•Grantingthathehasmadeamistake,heisnottoblame总之,垂悬分词与一般分词不一样,是一种超常规的语言现象,但其用途与形式相对固定,应引起我们足够的重视。正因为垂悬分词的使用场合及数量相对有限,英语学习者一方面要学会理解并掌握这一超常语言现象,另一方面切记不要将其它一般分词(遵循主谓一致原则)模仿垂悬分词使用,因为毕竟垂悬分词的产生源于错误联系,违反了主谓一致原则。
本文标题:英语垂悬分词
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