牛津英语模块六Unit2 Grammar and usage

Unit2Whatishappinesstoyou?Overview:infinitive,verb-ingandverb-ed(II)1.不定式作状语(1)不定式作状语常用来表目的、结果或原因等。e.g.Weeattolive,butwedon’tlivetoeat.(目的)Whathashesaidtomakeyousohappy?(结果)一、作状语Sheburstintotearstohearthebadnews.(原因)注意:表目的的不定式还常与soas或inorder连用，构成soas(not)todo和inorder(not)todo结构，其中soas(not)todo不能用于句首。e.g.Togetthereintime,wegotupveryearly.=Inordertogetthereintime,wegotupveryearly.=Wegotupveryearly(inorder/soas)togetthereintime.(2)不定式可用于作表语或补语的形容词之后作状语。e.g.Becarefulnottocatchcold.Themaniseasytogetalongwith.(3)不定式常与too或enough连用，在句中作状语。e.g.Theboyistooyoungtogotoschool/tobesenttoschool.=Theboyisnotoldenoughtogotoschool/tobesenttoschool.(4)不定式有时用于so...astodosth.结构中作状语。e.g.Willyoubesokindastohelpmewiththework?(5)有时，不定式还可修饰一个句子，表明说话人的态度。常见的这类不定式有totellyouthetruth，tobehonest，tobefrank，tobefair等。e.g.Totellyouthetruth,Idon’tlikethefilm.2.-ing分词和-ed分词作状语(1)-ing分词和-ed分词作状语修饰谓语，多说明动作发生的背景、方式或伴随情况。如果在逻辑上句中的主语与分词有主谓关系，用-ing分词，有动宾关系则用-ed分词。e.g.Weenjoyedourselvesinthepark,singinganddancing.Builtin1900,thehouseisnow100yearsold.(2)-ing分词和-ed分词都可作原因或时间状语,其作用相当于一个相应的状语从句。如果在逻辑上句中的主语与分词有主谓关系用-ing分词，有动宾关系则用-ed分词。e.g.Beingsopoorinthosedays,theycouldn’tsendtheboytoschool.(原因)Borninapoorfamily,theboycouldnotgotoschool.(原因)Hearingthebadnews,sheburstintotears.(时间)Seenfromthehill,theparklooksmorebeautiful.(时间)(3)-ing分词有时可作结果状语。e.g.Herhusbanddiedinthewar,leavingherawidowwiththreechildren.Wegotupveryearly,arrivingatthehospitalaheadoftime.(4)-ed分词有时用作条件状语，其作用相当于一个条件状语从句。e.g.Givenmoretime,wecouldhavedoneitmuchbetter.(5)如果不定式或分词表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生，该不定式或分词用完成式。e.g.I’msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.Havingnever/Nothavingmetthemanbefore,Icouldn’trecognizehimatfirst.Havingfinishedmyhomework,Iwenttoplayfootball.(6)分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为“独立主格”结构。e.g.Hergrandfatherbeingill,shehadtostayathomelookingafterhim.(原因)Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.（时间）Thepresidentassassinated,thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.（原因）Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.（条件）(7)有些分词在句子中没有主语，这种分词在语法上被称为垂悬分词，属于分词的一种特殊用法。taking...intoconsideration考虑到judgingby/from从……判断speakingof说到generallyspeaking一般说来totellthetruth说实话allowingfor考虑到regarding关于concerning关于granting/ed(that)如果；即使providing/ed(that)如果given(that)考虑到considering考虑到presuming假定admitting(that)承认典型例题1.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,_______itthemostpopularsportintheworld.A.makingB.makesC.madeD.tomake解析：此题考查-ing分词作结果状语的用法。2._______inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.A.LosingB.HavinglostC.LostD.Tolose解析：此题考查-ed分词短语作原因状语的用法，belostinthought是一个短语，意为“陷入沉思”。3.Tomkeptquietabouttheaccident_______losehisjob.A.sonotastoB.soasnottoC.soastonotD.notsoasto解析：此题考查不定式作目的状语及其结构，所以选B。1.Shesetoutsoonafterdark_______homeanhourlater.A.arrivingB.toarriveC.havingarrivedD.andarrived2.“Can’tyouread?”Marysaid_______tothenotice.A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointedD.andangrilypointing3._______areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.A.NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnotreceived4.Sheisupstairs_______letters.A.writesB.iswritingC.writeD.writing5.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,_______alongspeechforthepresident.A.toprepareB.preparingC.preparedD.waspreparing二、作表语1.动词不定式作表语betodosth.(1)说明主语的内容e.g.Hisjobistosendpaperseverymorning.(2)计划要做某事e.g.WhatamItodothem？2.现在分词作表语bedoingsth.e.g.Thisstoryisveryinteresting.Thismatchisveryexciting.注意：①主语常是物；②doing具有了形容词的特性；③注意与进行时态的区别3.过去分词作表语bedone过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：(1)被动语态强调动作，过去分词作表语说明主语的状态与特征。e.g.Thisnovelwaswrittenin1976.Thisnoveliswellwritten.(2)被动语态后常接by+执行者；而过去分词作表语后不接介词by，但可以接其他介词，表示特征。e.g.Thecupwasbrokenbyhim.Thecupisbroken.IaminterestedinEnglish.-ing动词作表语和-ing动词用于进行时的区别：动名词作表语说明主语“是什么”，现在分词作表语说明主语是特征。-ing动词用于正在进行时时，说明主语正在执行的动作。e.g.Herworkistakingcareofthechildren.（说明主语“是什么”）Herworkisinteresting,andsheenjoystakingcareofthechildren.（说明她工作的特征是有意思的）不定式和动名词作表语的区别：不定式作表语强调的是一次性、具体的、将要发生的动作；动名词作表语强调的是一般性、抽象的、经常发生的动作。e.g.Hisjobistopaintthewalls.（目前要做的事情，并不是他日常的工作）Hisjobispaintingwalls.（这是他日常的工作）现在分词作表语与过去分词作表语的区别：现在分词表示：“令……怎么样”exciting/interesting/surprising/disappointing/astonishing/puzzling/exhausting/discouraging…过去分词表示：“感觉起来怎么样”delight/disappointed/upset/astonished/excited/frightened/interested/puzzled/exhausted/satisfied/qualified…不定式作表语和不定式表示将来时的区别：不定式作表语用于说明主语“是什么”，和主语之间是可以划等号的，不定式用来表示将来时态时，表示主语即将要执行的动作，和主语之间是不能划等号的。e.g.Whathewantedtosuggestistocutdownthepriceandincreasethesales.MyAmericanteacheristoleaveChinasoon.1.Sarah,hurryup.I’mafraidyoucan’thavetimeto________beforetheparty.A.getchangedB.getchangeC.getchangingD.gettochangeExercises2.Itisbelievedthatifabookis______,itwillsurely________thereader.A.interested;interestB.interesting;beinterestedC.interested;beinterestingD.interesting;interestGooverthegrammar.FinishExonPage25.