Tess of the d’Urbervilles 介绍

张帆29何丽萍31罗玉32元婷33徐娟48托马斯哈代及其生平著作ThomasHardy(1840-1928)Englishpoetandnovelist,famousforhisdepictionsoftheimaginarycountry“Wessex”.Hardy’sworksreflectedhisstoicalpessimismandsenseoftragedyinhumanlife.ContentsBriefIntroductionMajorWorksBorn:2June1840Died:11January1928Occupation:architectwriter(Naturalist,Novelist,Poet,andShortStorywriter)afamouscriticalrealisticwriterthelastimportantnovelistoftheVictorianageBriefIntroductionAttheageof16,hebecameapprenticedtoalocalarchitect,buthegaveuparchitecturein1874.Becauseofmarriage,hebegantowritepoemsandnovels,whichidealizedtherurallife.Tess(1891)andJude(1896)shockedBritishpruderiesandHardywasterriblyabusedforbeing“filthy”.in1896HardyannouncedthatJudewashislastnovel,andturnedwithrelieftothewritingofpoetry.Hardy’sfinalyearswerefullofhonors.Hediedin1928.Hardy’sFirstWifeEmmaGiffordawomanofhighsocialstatus.ShehadaveryinterestingpersonalityandwasalwaysrememberbyvisitorstotheHardyhousehold.Shediedin1912.ThomasandEmmaHardyresidedatMaxGatefrom1884onward.DesighedbyHardyhimselfSecondwife—Hardy’snurse,companionandfan.In1914,HardymarriedhissecretaryFlorenceEmilyDugdale,whowas39yearshisjunior.DuetoFlorence’scare,Hardycouldremainhealthyandcontinuehiswritingcareer.BecausemostofHardy’snovelstakeplaceinthepartly-real,partly-dreamcountyofWessex,sohisnovelswerecalledWessexNovel(威塞克斯小说）.1)NovelsofCharacter&Environment2)NovelsofRomances&Fantasies3)NovelsofIngenuityHardyhimselfdividedhisnovelsintothreegroups:1.NovelsofCharacterandEnvironment（性格与环境小说）ThePoorManandtheLady(1867,unpublishedandlost)《穷汉与贵妇人》UndertheGreenwoodTree(1872)《绿树荫下》FarfromtheMaddingCrowd(1874)《远离尘嚣》TheMayorofCasterbridge(1886)《卡斯特桥市长》Tessofthed'Urbervilles(1891)《德伯家的苔丝》JudetheObscure(1895)《无名的裘德》2.RomancesandFantasies（传奇与幻想小说）APairofBlueEyes(1873)《一双蓝眼睛》TwoonaTower(1882)《塔里的两个人》TheWell-Beloved(1897)(firstpublishedasaserialfrom1892)《心爱的人》mainlytalkaboutromanticlovestories.3.NovelsofIngenuity（机巧和实验小说）DesperateRemedies(1871)《铤而走险》TheHandofEthelberta(1876)《埃塞尔伯塔的婚姻》ALaodicean(1881)《冷漠的人》MajorworksUndertheGreenwoodTreeFarfromtheMaddingCrowd(1874)TheReturnoftheNative(1878)•WessexTales(1888)•TheWoodlanders(1887)•TheMayorofCasterbridge(1886)ALaodiceanAPairofBlueEyesTheWell-BelovedDesperateRemediesJudetheObscureTwoonaTowerTheHandofEthelbertaHardy’stwonovels,Tessofthed’Urbervilles(1891)andJudetheObscure(1895)arehislastlongfictionworks.ThelastnovelschallengedthesensibilitiesofVictorianreaderswithsituationsthatruffledmanyaVictorianfeather:immoralsex,murder,illegitimatechildren,andtheunmarriedlivingtogether.HeateddebateandcriticismoverthesetwobookshelpedHardydecidethathewouldratherwritepoetry.Infact,sostungwashebythecriticismofhisworksthatHardydidnotwriteanothernovel.TessofTheD’UrbervillesTessofTheD’urbervillescameintoconflictwithVictorianmorality.Inthisnovel,Hardyreachestheheightofhisachievementasanovelist.LikemostotherHardynovels,rurallifeisaprominentissueinthestory.Andtheissueoffateversusfreedomofactionisanotherimportantaspectofthisnovel.IttellsofthatavillagegirlcalledTesswhowasabeautiful,pure,plain,honest,assiduousandcleverwentthroughamiserablelife.Shewasborninapoorfamilyandlivedinapeculiarsociety.ThesonoftheD’urbervillesAlecrapedherandshewaspregnant.ShefellinlovewithAngelClarebeforelong.Clarelovedherverymuchandlongedtomarryherbutshedelayedtoanswerthisofferofmarriagejustbecauseshedidnotknowhowtotellthetruthofbeingraped.Despitethis,atlastthiskindheartedandsinceregirldecidedtotellhimthisbadthing.However,whenTesstoldhimthetruththatshewasrapedbyaknaveAlec,hecouldnotforgiveherforhavinganotherman’schildeventhoughsheforgavehimeverything.AngelClarebecameveryangryandabandonsTess.OnedayshefoundAlecbecameaminister.Afterherfather’sdeathunexpectedly,Tesshadtheburdenofthefamilywelfareonhershoulders,andtheywereshortlythereafterevictedfromtheircottage.ShebelievesdeepdownthatAngelhadabandonedher,andAlecsaiditaswell,andTessknewherfamilywoulddowellbyAlec’swealthandproperty.Buttohersurprised,AngelreturnsfromBrazil,repentinghisharshness,butfoundherlivingwithAlec.TesskillsAlecindesperation,shewasarrestedandhanged.Shemakeshimpromisetomarryhersister,LizaLu,afterherdeath,whichheagreestodo.InTessofthed'Urbervilles,ThomasHardyhasdirectlysatirizednature.Thisnovelrevealedthetragedyofcommonpeople’sdestinyandflayedhypocriticalgentlemenandmorals.Inthisnovel,HardydemonstratedhisdeepsenseofmoralsympathyforEngland'slowerclasses,particularlyforwomen.Hesucceededinportrayinganartisticimage–avillagegirlwithkindness,tendernessandamorousness.Thenovel,whichindicatedthetendencyofanti-religioussentiments,againstfeudalmoralityandthelawsofcapitalists,waswarmlyreceivedbythereadingpublicthoughBritishupperclasswasbitteragainstit.ThetragedyofTessAstheindustrialmovementsweptEnglandinthe19thcentury,manyfarmersandagricultureworkersfoundthemselvesindevastation.Peoplelosttheirhomes,theirjobs,andthesimplelifestylestheycherished.ThemovementhadanevengreateraffectontheEnglishlandscapewhenlushfertilevalleysweretransformedintorailwaysandurbancenters.ThomasHardywasv