Unit Seven Structure of a__ Thesis

UnitSevenHowtoWriteaThesis—StructureofaThesis(论文的写作—论文的框架)Afterhavingcompletedthewritingsofthepaperprogramming,literaturereviewandopeningreport,itishightimethatwesetaboutwritingthethesisitself.Infact,withtheliteraturereview,openingreportandtheoutlineinparticularinmind,itgetsmucheasierforustostartwritingthebodyofthethesisdesired.Butbeforestartingwritingthebodyofthethesisdesired,let’sgetclearaboutthestructureofathesis.1.StructureofaThesisUsually,athesisiscomposedoftheconstituentsasfollows:1.1CoverSheet(inChinese)1.2EnglishCoverSheet1.3Acknowledgements1.4EnglishAbstractandKeyWords1.5ChineseAbstractandKeyWords1.6TableofContents(PagesfromEnglishCoverSheettoContentsofaThesisarepunctuatedbyRomansequencenumbers)1.7BodyoftheThesis1.8Notes(ifneeded)1.9References2.0Appendices(ifneeded)ShowSamples!2.TwoSortsofThesesThesesarebasedontwosortsofresearches:primaryresearchVSdeskresearch2.1Primaryresearch(原创性研究)Primaryresearch(alsocalledfieldresearch)involvesthecollectionofdatathatdoesnotalreadyexist,whichisresearchtocollectoriginaldata.PrimaryResearchisoftenundertakenaftertheresearcherhasgainedsomeinsightintotheissuebycollectingsecondarydata.Thiscanbethroughnumerousforms,includingquestionnaires,directobservationandtelephoneinterviewsamongstothers.Thisinformationmaybecollectedinthingslikequestionnairesandinterviews.2.2Deskresearch(案头研究)whatourgraduationpapersusuallybelongtoDeskResearch(sometimesknownassecondarydataorsecondaryresearch)involvesgatheringdatathatalreadyexistseitherfrominternalsourcesoftheclient,publicationsofgovernmentalandnon-governmentalinstitutions,freeaccessdataontheinternet,inprofessionalnewspapersandmagazines,inannualreportsofcompaniesandcommercialdatabasestonamebutafew.Inmanyprojects,carryingoutaninitialdeskresearchstageisstronglyrecommendedtogainbackgroundknowledgetoasubjectaswellasprovidingusefulleadsthatwillhelptogetthemaximumfromaresearchbudget.3.BodyofThesesThemainbodyofthethesisismadeupofthethesischapters.Forthesesbasedonprimaryresearch(原创性研究),thechaptertitlesareasfollows:Chapter1:IntroductionChapter2:LiteratureReviewChapter3:MethodologyChapter4:ResultsandDiscussionChapter5:Conclusions(andRecommendationsifrequired)Thesesbasedondeskresearch（案头研究）whatEnglishgraduationpapersusuallybelongtowillinclude:Chapter1:IntroductionChapter2:SuitabletitletoreflectitscontentsChapter3:SuitabletitletoreflectitscontentsChapter4:SuitabletitletoreflectitscontentsAdditionalchaptersasrequiredChapter?Conclusions4.SampleThesisSampleOneCulturalDifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseonIdiomsOriginsIntroductionLanguageisinseparablefromculture.Foronething,languageisapartofcultureandplaysanimportantroleinit.Foranother,asamirrorofculture,languageisstronglyinfluencedandshapedbyculture;meanwhile,itreflectsculture.Idiomsincludemetaphoricalphrases,slang,colloquialism,proverbandsoon.Asanessentialpartofthelanguageandcultureofasociety,idiomsarecharacterizedbytheirconciseexpressions,richandvivid,involvinggeography,history,religiousbelief,livingconventionsandsoon.Theyareusuallyhighlyspecializedinmeaningandcloselytiedtodistinctiveculturalfeaturesandculturalattitudes.Itisbelievedthatidiomsarethemostculturallyloadedelementinanylanguage'svocabulary.Undoubtedlytheyareoftenhardtounderstandandhardertousecorrectly.EnglishandChineseidioms,closelyrelatedtotheirownculture,conveydifferentculturalfeaturesandmessagesoftheirownnation,reflectingtheirownculture.[1]P281-282ThereexistsvastdifferencebetweenEnglishandChinesecultureandthisdifferenceoccursinEnglishandChineseidioms,too.Basedonothers’research,thispaperintendstoexploreitbyfullyanalyzingthemainculturalreasonscausingidiomaticexpressionsdifferencesinbothChineseandEnglish.1.DifferentlivingcircumstanceThatcultureisdeterminedbygeographicalenvironmentisasubjectiveviewofgeographicaldeterminism.Itcannotbedenied,however,thatnaturalenvironmentincludinggeographicalposition,climate,ecologicalconditionissomethingthatplayscontributoryroleintheformationofaculture.Peopledwellinginacertainregiontrytoadaptthemselvestothesurroundingssothatlivelihoodcanbemaintained.Asaresult,theirspecialwayofliving,thinkingandbehavingisformedasaside-productoftheirrelationshipwiththeenvironment.1.1.GeographicalenvironmentBritainisanislandcountry.Peoplewholivealongseacoastandwhoselivelihoodisdependentontheseawillhaveidiomsaboutwater,sailing,islandandfish.Forexample,wespeakinChinese挥金如土，butweshouldrenderitintoEnglishasspendmoneylikewater.TherearealotofEnglishidiomsaboutship,waterandfish:ascloseasanoyster(守口如瓶)，castananchortowindward(未雨绸缪),atsea(茫然)，tokeepone'sheadabovewater(奋力图存)，totakethewindoutofsomebody'ssail(先发制人)，towerone'ssail(甘拜下风)，infullsail(全力以赴)，sailunderfalsecolors(欺世盗名)，halfseaover(酒喝得太多),fishbeginstostinkatthehead(上梁不正下梁歪)，neveroffertoteachfishtoswim(不要班门弄斧)，dullfish(枯燥无味的人);plainsailing(一帆风顺)，totrimone'ssailtothewind(见风使舵),tobeinthesameboat(同舟共济)，toburnone'sboat(破釜沉舟),abigfishinalittlepond(山中无老虎，猴子称霸王).[2]P110Ontheotherhand,theHanPeopleliveonland,theybelongtoanagrariansocietythatplacesagriculturalproductionatthetopofthenationala