美国历史英文版

AmericanHistoryFrom1800to1945Preface:the1790sTheUnitedStatesgraduallyexpanded,territoriallyandexperientially.TheBillofRightsisaddedin1791.Thecottonginisinventedin1793.Preface:the1790sThecountryhadbuiltup$74,000,000ofdebtfromthewar,andhadtopasstaxestopaythisdebt,andthenenforcethetaxes.Preface:The1790sThefirstpoliticalpartieswereJeffersonandMadison’sDemocratic-RepublicanpartyandHamilton’sFederalistparty.Preface:The1790sTheFederalistswantedtocreateastrongandefficientfederalgovernment,butsometimesalienatedthepeople,forexamplebypassinghightaxesonhouses,land,andslaves,andinturncausingseveralrebellions.TheDemocratic-Republicansfavoredthemiddleclass,andencouragedexpansionofAmericansettlements.TheLouisianaPurchaseThepurchaseofahugeexpanseoflandfromFrancein1803radicallyincreasedthesizeoftheUnitedStatesandallowedforagreaternumberoffarmers.TheWarof1812TheAmericansdeclaredwaragainstBritainbecauseofinterferenceswithAmericantradeinEurope,mistreatmentofAmericansailors,andBritain’sencouragementofhostilitieswiththeNativeAmericans.WashingtonD.C.wasburned,buttheAmericanseventuallywon.NativeAmericanswerelaterforcedtomovewest(toOklahoma)intheTrailofTears(1830).EconomyandPoliticsinthe1820sNewpoliticalpartiesformed:theDemocrats(fromtheDemocratic-Republicans)andtheWhigs.Thelatterfavoredthegrowthofindustry.Bankingwasanobjectofgreatdebate:therewasnofederalbankorcurrency,andthepreviousfederalbank’scharterhadexpired.EconomicGrowthinAmericaTheSecondGreatAwakeningTherewasagreatreligiousrevivalthatchangedthefaceofAmericanChristianity.“ManifestDestiny”andtheAmericanDreamThoughpeoplewereoptimisticaboutAmericansociety,mostfarmershadlittletimeormoney,andthoughthereweremorewealthypeopleintheUnitedStatesthanEuropeby1850,mostofthemwerebornintowealthyfamilies.Westernexpansiondispersedthiswealth,asAmericansassertedarighttospreadouttoplaceslikeOregon,California,andTexas,anideacalled“ManifestDestiny”.SlaverySlaverywasanestablishedinstitutionintheAmericaneconomy,particularlyintheSouth,butmanypeoplebecameconvincedthatitwasanundesirableinfluenceonsociety.Economicdevelopmentshadalsomadeitalessprofitableinstitutionthanithadbeeninthepast.Atthesametime,therewasawidespreadideathatAfricanAmericanswereinferior,accordingtodifferenttheories.SlaveryTherewerealsomanydisputesinthelawabouttheslaves:TheConstitutiondefinedslavesas3/5ofapersonforthepurposesofCongressionalrepresentation.Thetrans-Atlanticslavetradewasbannedin1807bytheBritishParliament.TheFugitiveSlaveActof1850requiredNorthernpolicetohelpincatchingslaves.IntheDredScottCase,theSupremeCourtruledthatslaveswerepropertyandcouldnotsueincourtnorbeprotectedbyactsoftheFederalgovernment.TheBeginningsofWarPartisanpoliticstookholdofissuesofslaveryandeconomicsthatdividedtheNorthandSouth,andmadealready-inflamedissuestakecenter-stageinpoliticalissues.Thereareanumberofpolarizingcauseswithinthat:theslaveryquestion,regionalism,theelectionofLincoln,andtheongoingdominanceoftheNorthinCongress.TheendresultwasthattheSouthgrewtiredofitsbondstotheUnion.TheWarBeginsOn12April1861,ConfederateforcesattackedFortSumterinSouthCarolina.Lincolnrespondedbysummoningavolunteerarmytorecapturegovernmentproperty.TheNorthquicklybuiltupastrongborderdefenseandblockadedtheSouthernstates.TheNatureoftheConflictTheAmericanCivilWarwasthebloodiestconflictinAmericanhistory,andsoonbothsideswererunningoutofsoldiersandsupplies,buttheNorthhadamorediverseandstableeconomytodrawfrom.TothecreditoftheSouth,GeneralRobertE.LeewasloyaltohisstateofVirginia,andwascertainlythemosttalentedcommanderofeitherside,andhadthesoldiersandopportunitytowinthewar,ifitcouldbewonquickly.ObjectivesoftheConfederateStatesofAmericaPresidentJeffersonDavisoftheCSAeffectivelyturnedcontrolofthearmyovertoGeneralLee,whohadrapidlyprovedhisbrillianceincommand,tothewiderespectofhismen.ThestrategywastostrikehardandfastatWashingtonD.C.,todisablethearmy,captureLincoln,anddemoralizetheUnion.TheBritishwereconsideringallyingthemselveswiththeSouth.ObjectivesoftheFederalGovernmentoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaPresidentLincolnhadtokeepatenuousbalancebetweentheextremesoftheremainingUnionStatesfortheirloyalty.Hisprioritywasmaintainingtheunityofthenation,becauseregardinganyissue,ifthecountrywasnotwhole,hisactionswouldbeoflimitedeffectiveness.TheWarRagesForoneyear,thewarcontinued,asGeneralLeewononebattleafteranotherandtheUnionwasforcedtosendmoreandmoretroops.In1862,theUniondefeatedLeeattheBattleofAntietam,pushinghimback,andLincolnissuedtheEmancipationProclamation.In1863,theBattleofGettysburgwoulddecidetheresultofthewar,thoughthewarwouldcontinueforanothertwoyears,untilthecaptureoftheSoutherncapitol:Richmond,Virginia.TheBattleofGettysburgTheBattleofGettysburgwasathree-daymilitaryengagementbetweentheattackingRebelArmyofGeneralLeeandthedefendingUnionArmyofthePotomacRiver.Thearmies,unknowntoeachother,movedpasteachothersothattheSouthernarmywaspositionedtoattackWashingtonD.C.fromthenorthandtheNorthernarmywasbetweentheSouthernersandtheFederalCapitol.Suddenlytheymetinthesmalltown