Research Methods MA Introduction研究方法

ResearchMethods:IntroductionandethicsDrChristineHardyResearch:definitionResearch…istobeunderstoodasoriginalinvestigationundertakeninordertogainknowledgeandunderstanding.Itincludesworkofdirectrelevancetotheneedsofcommerceandindustry,aswellastothepublicandvoluntarysectors;scholarship;theinventionandgenerationofideas,images,performancesandartefacts…wheretheseleadtoneworsubstantiallyimprovedinsights;andtheuseofexistingknowledgeinexperimentaldevelopmenttoproduceneworsubstantiallyimprovedmaterials,devices,productsandprocesses…Itexcludesroutinetestingandanalysisofmaterials,componentsandprocesses.…Typesofresearch(Saundersetal2003:p3)PURERESEARCHAPPLIEDRESEARCHPurpose:•Expandknowledge•Resultsinuniversalprinciplesrelatingtotheprocessanditsrelationshiptooutcomes•Findingsofsignificanceandvaluetosocietyingeneral.Context:•Undertakenbypeoplebasedinuniversities•Choiceoftopicandobjectivesdeterminedbytheresearcher•FlexibletimescalesPurpose•Improveunderstandingofaparticularproblem•Resultsinsolutiontoproblem•Newknowledgelimitedtoproblem•FindingsofpracticalrelevanceandvaluetofundingorganisationContext:•Undertakenbypeoplebasedinavarietyofsettings•Objectivesnegotiatedwithoriginator•Tighttimescales.Characteristicsofresearch1.Itbeginsinthemindoftheresearcher2.Thereisaspecificgoalfortheinvestigativeprocess3.Thereisaspecificplanofprocedure4.Itisrecognisedthatafrontalattackontheentireproblemistoomuchtoattemptatonetime5.Itisgenerallymanagedbyconstructscalledhypotheses.6.certaincriticalassumptionsthatareaxiomaticandessentialfortheresearchprocesstoproceedareaccepted7.onlyspecificmeasurabledataarecountenanced8.Researchis,bynature,acircularorhelicalprocess.TheresearchprocessChoosingyoursubject•Careervalue•PersonalvalueSourcesofsuggestions•Thesisanddissertations•Articlesinacademicandprofessionaljournals•Conferenceproceedingsandgeneralreports•Booksandbookreviews•Reviewsofthefieldofstudy•Discussionwithcolleagues•Themedia•Lectures•Workexperience•AssignmentsalreadyundertakenFocusingyourtopic/subject•Readaboutthesubjectyouhavechosen•Drawupa‘firstthoughts’listofquestionsthatyouthinkareimportant•Refinethelistinlightofyourreading,discussionswithcolleaguesandwithyoursupervisor•Thisrefinedlistwillbeyourobjectives:taskstoperformorquestionstoask.Topicfeasibility•Availabilityofdata•Researchdesign•Timerequired•Technicalskillsrequired•Financialsupport.Managingyourtime•Clarifiestheaimsandobjectives•Definesactivitiesrequiredtomeettheaimsandobjectives•Identifiespotentialpitfalls•Producestimeestimates•Measuresprogress•FormsthebasisofcontrolDATE(Week)TASK16171819202122EEE232425262728SUBMISSIONOFRESEARCHPROPOSALReadliteraturefinaliseobjectivesWritedraftproposalfinaliseproposalandhandinPRESENTATIONWritepresentationDopresentationFINISHEDPROJECTReadliteratureDraftliteraturereviewHavefinaldraftandarrangeatutorialReadmethodologyliteratureDeviseresearchapproachDevelopdatacollectionmethodsCollectdatahandinfinalcopyResearchethicsTheSchoolofArtandDesignexpectsthatallstaffandstudentsadheretostandardsofprofessionalconductandethicallyresponsiblebehaviourwhensupervising/conductingtheirresearchorpractice.ThisinvolvesrecognitionofresponsibilitytowardstheparticipantsinvolvedandthecommunityofArtandDesign.Responsibilitytoparticipants1Theparticipantsinresearchand/orpracticemaybeactiveorpassivesubjectsofsuchprocessesasobservation,inquiry,experimentortest.Theymaybecollaboratorsorcolleaguesortheymaysimplybepartofthecontext.TheSchoolofArtandDesignconsidersthatallresearchersandpractitionersshouldoperatewithinanethicofrespectforanypersonsinvolveddirectlyorindirectlyintheresearchand/orpracticetheyareundertaking.Thisisregardlessofage,sex,race,religion,politicalbeliefsandlifestyleoranyothersignificantdifferencebetweensuchpersonsandtheresearchers/practitionersthemselves,orotherparticipants.Responsibilitytoparticipants2•Voluntaryinformedconsent•Deception•Righttowithdraw•Consentforms•Children,vulnerableyoungpeopleandvulnerableadults•Incentives•Detrimentarisingfromparticipationinresearch•Privacyandconfidentiality•DisclosureResponsibilitytotheuniversityandartanddesigncommunity•Honesty•Trainingundertaken•Methodsfitforpurpose•Appropriatecommunicationoffindings•Representationofrespondents•Notundertakingworkthatwouldputyouatrisk.ProcessofapprovalWilltheprocessinvolveworkingwithfellowstudents,membersofthepublic,organisationsoranimals?NofurtheractionrequiredNOCompleteEthicalClearanceChecklistforIndividualStudentProjectsandsubmittomoduleleader/supervisorYESSupervisortodecidewhetheranyethicalissuesFormsignedandreturnedtostudentfortheprojecttogoaheadasdiscussedNOFullapplicationtobemadetotheSubjectResearch/PracticeEthicsCommitteeYESStudenttosignthedeclarationandattachtothecompletedworkconfirmingthatethicalguidelineswerefaithfullyobservedintheconductoftheprojectTheSubjectResearch/PracticeEthicsCommittee•Willconsidertheapplication•Ifapprovedtheformwillbesignedandgivenbacktothestudent•Amendmentsmayberequiredandfeedbackwillbegiventothestudentviatheirsupervisor•Ifthechangesareacceptedandmadethentheprojectcon