任务型教学法完整版ppt

ObjectivesTheabilityofcommunicateaccuratelyandeffectivelyinthemostcommonEnglishlanguageactivitiestheymaybeinvolvedin.syllabusAtask-basedlanguagesyllabusplacestaskatthecenterofthecurriculumdevelopmentprocess.Itspecifiesthetasksthatshouldbecarriedoutbylearnerswithinaprogram.Definationsoftask•Long(1985)definedataskas…apieceofworkundertakenforoneselforforothers,freelyorforsomereward...[B]y'task'ismeantthehundredandonethingspeopledoineverydaylife,atwork,atplay,andinbetweenNunan:Anyclassroomworkwhichinvolveslearnersincomprehending,manipulating,producingorinteractinginthetargetlanguagewhiletheirattentionisprincipallyfocusedonmeaningratherthanform.Hesuggeststhatasyllabusmightspecifytwotypesoftasks.TwoTypesofTasks•Real-worldtasks.•PedagogicaltasksReal-WorldTasks•Real-worldtasks,whicharedesignedtopracticeorrehearsethosetasksthatarefoundtobeimportantinaneedsanalysisandturnouttobeimportantandusefulintherealworld.ExamplesofReal-WorldTasks•FillingoutaformBuyingapairofshoes•MakinganairlinereservationBorrowingabook•TakingadrivingtestTypingaletter•DressingachildSortingletters•TakingahotelreservationWritingacheckPedagogicalTasks•Usedtofacilitatethedevelopmentofalearner’sgenerallanguageproficiency.Donotnecessarilyreflectreal-worldtasks.•Apedagogicaltaskis“anactivityoractionwhichiscarriedoutastheresultofprocessingorunderstandinglanguage...Forexample,drawingamapwhilelisteningtoatape,listeningtoaninstructionandperformingacommand…”(Richards,Platt,&Weber,1986).•Listeningtoatapeandrepeating..•Solvingaprobleminsmallgroups.•Role-playbasedonapicturestory.•Listeningtoasongwhilefillingoutthemissingwordsonaworksheet.•WritingaparagraphdescribingwhatishappeninginapictureExamplesofPedagogicalTasks•Crookes:taskisapieceofworkoranactivity,usuallywithaspecifiedobjective,undertakenaspartofaneducationalcourse,oratwork.•Prabhu:anactivitywhichrequireslearnerstoarriveatanoutcomefromgiveninformationthroughsomeprocessofthought,andwhichallowsteacherstocontrolandregulatethatprocess.Typesoflearningandteachingactivities•Breen(1987)definedalanguagetaskasastructuredlanguageendeavorwhichhasaspecificobjective,appropriatecontent,aparticularworkingprocedure,andarangeofpossibleoutcomesforthosewhoundertakeit.•LongandGrookes:Selectionoftask,shouldbebasedonacarefulanalysisofthereal-worldneedsoflearning.JaneWillis:•Tasksarealwaysclassroomactivitieswherethetargetlanguageisusedforthepurposeofcommunicationinordertoachieveanoutcome.•Thetaskisagoal-orientedactivitywithaclearpurpose.Doingacommunicationtaskinvolvesachievinganoutcome,creatingafinalproductthatcanbeappreciatedbyother.•Examplesincludecompilingalistofreasons,features,orthings;comparingtwopicturestofindthedifferences;andsolvingaproblemordesigningabrochure.•Listing•Orderingandsorting•Comparing•Problemsolving•Sharingpersonalexperiences•CreativetasksSixkindsoftasksForexample,takingthetopiccats,•alistingtaskmightbe:Listthreereasonswhypeoplethinkcatsmakegoodpets.•Acomparingtaskmightbetocomparecatsanddogsaspets.•Aproblem-solvingtaskcouldbetothinkofthreelowbudgetsolutionstotheproblemoflookingafteracatwhenthefamilyisabsent.•Anexperiencesharingtaskcouldinvolvesharingstoriesaboutcats.Pica,Kanagy,andFalodun(1993)•jigsawtasks(拼插型任务）•decision-makingtasks•opinionexchangetasks•information-gaptasks•problem-solvingtasksOtherTypesofTasks:•1.One-wayortwo-way:•2.Convergentordivergent:•3.singleormultipleoutcomes:•4.Reality-basedornotReality-based:•5.Collaborativeorcooperative:•6.Concreteorabstract:theoutcomemaybesomethingconcrete(e.g.areportorpresentation)orsomethingintangible(e.g.agreementorthesolutiontoaproblem)TaskDifficulty•Thememberofparticipaters•Abstract•Information•Time-preparingCharacteristicsofTasks:1.Anemphasisonlearningtocommunicatethroughinteractioninthetargetlanguage.强调通过用目标语而非母语交流来学会交际2.Theintroductionofauthentictextsintothelearningsituation.将真实的语言材料引入学习的环境3.Provisionofopportunitiesforlearnerstofocus,notonlyonlanguageitself,butalsoonthelearningprocess.关注语言的本身，也关注学习的过程4.Anenhancementofthelearners’ownpersonalexperiencesasimportantcontributingelementstoclassroomlearning.学习者的个人经历对语言学习具有重要意义5.Anattempttolinkclassroomlanguagelearningwithlanguageactivationoutsidetheclassroom.强调以真实生活任务为教学中心活动6.Avoidstructureandemphasizeonmeaning.避免结构，注重意义。