马修 阿诺德

MatthewArnold“…wanderingbetweentwoworlds,onedead,theotherpowerlesstobeborn.”徘徊在两个世界之间,一个已经死去,另一个还无力诞生。•MatthewArnold(24December1822–15April1888)wasaBritishpoetandculturalcriticwhoworkedasaninspectorofschools.MatthewArnoldhasbeencharacterizedasasagewriter(圣人作家),atypeofwriterwhochastises（谴责）andinstructsthereaderoncontemporarysocialissues.ArnoldissometimescalledthethirdgreatVictorianpoet,alongwithAlfred,LordTennysonandRobertBrowning.Familymembers•Father:ThomasArnold,thefamedheadmasterofRugbySchool(拉各比公学),andhewasafamouseducationalistoftheVictorianAge.•Brother:TomArnold,literaryprofessor•WilliamDelafieldArnold,novelistandcolonialadministrator.Life•Home:FoxHow,intheLakeDistrict.WilliamWordsworthwasaneighborandclosefriend.•In1836,ArnoldwassenttoWinchesterCollege,butin1837hereturnedtoRugbySchoolwherehewasenrolledinthefifthform.Hemovedtothesixthformin1838andthuscameunderthedirecttutelageofhisfather.•AchievementsinRugby:hewonschoolprizesforEnglishessaywriting,andLatinandEnglishpoetry.Hisprizepoem,AlaricatRome,wasprintedatRugby.•In1841,hewonanopenscholarship(公开奖学金)toBalliolCollege（贝利奥尔学院）,Oxford.•In1843,Arnold'spoemCromwellwontheNewdigateprize纽迪吉特奖(牛津大学设立的诗歌奖).•In1844,hegraduatedwitha2ndClassHonoursdegreein“Greats.”(大师)•In1849,hepublishedhisfirstbookofpoetry,TheStrayedReveller.(迷途浪子)•In1850Wordsworthdied;Arnoldpublishedhis“MemorialVerses”ontheolderpoet.Literarycareer•In1852,EmpedoclesonEtna,andOtherPoems•In1853,ANewEdition,aselectionfromthetwoearliervolumesfamouslyexcludingEmpedoclesonEtna,butaddingnewpoems,SohrabandRustumandTheScholarGipsy.•In1854,Poems:SecondSeries,itincludedthenewpoem,BalderDead.•From1857to1867,heheldtheProfessorshipofPoetryatOxford•--ThefirsttodeliverlecturesinEnglishratherthanLatin•In1861,hislectureswerepublishedinbookform,OnTranslatingHomer.•In1865,ArnoldpublishedEssaysinCriticism:FirstSeries.•In1867,poem“DoverBeach”depictedanightmarish(恶梦似的)worldfromwhichtheoldreligiousverities（真理）havereceded.•In1869,CultureandAnarchy(文化和无政府),Arnold'smajorworkinsocialcriticism•In1873,LiteratureandDogma（文化与教条）,Arnold'smajorworkinreligiouscriticismappeared•In1888,EssaysinCriticism:SecondSeriesshortlyafterhisuntimelydeathPoetry•Asapoet,Arnoldprovidesanexampleof“asickindividualinasicksociety.”•Manyofhispoeticworksexpressatoneofregret,disillusionandmelancholy.•Dissatisfiedwiththereflectivepoetryhewaswriting,heturnedtoliteraryandsocialcriticism.•GeorgeWatsondividedArnold'scareerasaprosewriterintothreephases:•1)earlyliterarycriticismthatbeginswithhisprefacetothe1853editionofhispoemsandendswiththefirstseriesofEssaysinCriticism(1865);•2)aprolongedmiddleperiod(overlappingthefirstandthirdphases)characterizedbysocial,politicalandreligiouswriting(roughly1860-1875);•3)areturntoliterarycriticismwiththeselectingandeditingofcollectionsofWordsworth'sandByron'spoetryandthesecondseriesofEssaysinCriticismThreephasesofprosewritingArticlesofliterarycriticism•EssaysinCriticism(1865)•EssaysinCriticism,SecondSeries(1888)•CultureandAnarchy(1869)--hisrepresentativeworkinsocialcriticism•LiteratureandDogma(1873)andotherbooksonreligioussubjectsLiterarycriticism•Mainprinciples:•1)“disinterestedness”（超然无执）•2)Thefunctionofliterarycriticismistofindandpropagate（传播）“thebestwhichhasbeenthoughtandsaidintheworld”•3)Theprincipalvirtueofapoet:thequalityof“highseriousness”•4)“theeternalobjectsofpoetryareactions,humanactions,possessinganinherentinterestinthemselves”“todelighthimselfwiththecontemplation（沉思）ofsomenobleactionofaheroictime,andtoenableothers,throughhisrepresentationofit,todelightinitalso.”Socialcriticism•RepresentedbyCultureandAnarchy,dealswiththewholestructureofEnglishcivilizationandculture.•Purpose:curethegreatvise(罪恶)ofourintellectmanifestingitselfinourincrediblevagaries(变幻莫测)inliterature,inart,inmorals.•Accordingtohim,Englishsocietyofhistimewascomposedof“Barbarians(aristocratclasses),Philistines(middle-classmerchantsandmanufactures),Populace(平民)。”Features•SomeconsiderArnoldtobethebridgebetweenRomanticismandModernism.HisuseofsymboliclandscapeswastypicaloftheRomanticera,whilehisskepticalandpessimisticperspectivewastypicaloftheModernera.•Hiswritingsarecharacterizedbythefinestculture,highpurpose,sincerity,andastyleofgreatdistinction,andmuchofhispoetryhasanexquisite(细致的)andsubtlebeauty.•Hisdescriptionsareoftenpicturesque,andmarkedbystrikingsimiles.However,atthesametimehelikedsubduedcolors（柔和的色彩）,mistandmoonlight.•ThemoodofArnold’spoetrytendstobeofplaintive(悲痛的)reflection,andheisrestrainedinexpressingemotion.Thoughts•poetryshouldbethe‘criticismoflife’andexpressaphilosophy.•Arnoldvaluednaturalsceneryforitspeaceandpermanenceincontrastwiththeceaselesschangeofhumanthings.•Arnold’sphilosophyisthattruehappinesscomesfromwithin,andthatpeopleshouldseekwithinthemselvesforgood.•However,hearguesthatweshouldnotliveinthebeliefthatweshallonedayinheriteternalbliss.Ifwearenothappyonearth,weshouldmoderate(节制)ourdesiresratherthanliveindreamsofsomethingthatmayneverbeattained.Thisphilosophyisclearlyexpressedinsuchpoemsas“DoverBeach”.Questiontime~•Yourunderstanding