Cognition,Brain,and Consciousness,Second Edition _

COGNITION,BRAIN,ANDCONSCIOUSNESSSECONDEDITIONThispageintentionallyleftblankCOGNITION,BRAIN,ANDCONSCIOUSNESSIntroductiontoCognitiveNeuroscienceSecondEditionBERNARDJ.BAARSNICOLEM.GAGEAMSTERDAM•BOSTON•HEIDELBERG•LONDON•NEWYORK•OXFORDPARIS•SANDIEGO•SANFRANCISCO•SINGAPORE•SYDNEY•TOKYOAcademicPressisanimprintofElsevierAcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier30CorporateDrive,Suite400,Burlington,MA01803,USA525BStreet,Suite1900,SanDiego,California92101-4495,USAElsevier,TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX51GB,UK©2010ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).NoticesKnowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary.Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataBaars,BernardJ.Cognition,brain,andconsciousness:introductiontocognitiveneuroscience/BernardBaars,NicoleGage.—2nded.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN978-0-12-375070-9(hardcover:alk.paper)1.Cognitiveneuroscience.I.Gage,NicoleM.II.Title.QP360.5.B332010612.8’233—dc222009039469BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationDataAcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.ISBN:978-0-12-375070-9Forcolorfigures,glossary,andstudyguide,pleasevisitourcompanionwebsite::tenordersofmagnitude63.3Theneedtomakeinferences–goingbeyondtherawobservations73.4Theimportanceofconvergentmeasures103.5Majorlandmarksofthebrain104.0Somehistory,andongoingdebates134.1Themindandthebrain134.2Biologyshapescognitionandemotion144.3Cajal’sneurondoctrine:theworkingassumptionofbrainscience164.4Pierre-PaulBrocaandthelocalizationofspeechproduction184.5Theconsciousandunconsciousmind205.0Thereturnofconsciousnessinthesciences255.1Howconsciousandunconsciousbraineventsarestudiedtoday275.2Historyhasn’tstopped286.0Summary297.0Endofchapterexercises307.1Studyquestions307.2Drawingexercise31Chapter2Aframework1.0Introduction332.0Classicalworkingmemory342.1The‘innersenses’352.2Outputfunctions362.3Onlyafleetingmoment...362.4UnderstandingCliveWearinginthefunctionalframework392.5Theimportanceofimmediatememory403.0Limitedandlarge-capacityfunctions413.1Dualtasklimits413.2Someverylargebraincapacities433.3Whyaretheresuchnarrowcapacitylimits?443.4Measuringworkingmemory444.0Theinnerandoutersenses464.1Themind’seye,ear,andvoice474.2Theimagerysketchpadmayusevisualregionsofcortex494.3Isinnerspeechlikeouterspeech?494.4Isthereonlyoneworkingmemory?505.0Thecentralexecutive505.1Executiveeffortandautomaticity525.2Executiveandspontaneousattention536.0Action547.0Consolidationofshort-termeventsintolong-termmemory577.1Isworkingmemoryjustre-activatedpermanentmemory?588.0Summary599.0Studyquestionsanddrawingpractice609.1Studyquestions609.2Drawingexercises60Chapter3Neuronsandtheirconnections1.0Introduction631.1Realandidealizedneurons641.2Excitationandinhibition651.3Neuralcomputation682.0Workingassumptions682.1Startingsimple:receptors,pathways,andcircuits693.0Arraysandmaps713.1Mapsflowintoothermaps753.2Neuronalarraysusuallyhavetwo-wayconnections753.3Sensoryandmotorsystemsworktogether75CONTENTSvi3.4Temporalcodes:spikingpatternsandbrainrhythms763.5Choice-pointsintheflowofinformation803.6Top-downorexpectation-drivenprocessing814.0Howneuralarraysadaptandlearn834.1Hebbianlearning:‘Neuronsthatfiretogether,wiretogether’834.2NeuralDarwinism:survivalofthefittestcellsandsynapses854.3Symbolicprocessingandneuralnets875.0Coordinatingneuralnets885.1Functionalredundancy916.0Summary917.0Studyquestionsanddrawingexercises927.1Studyquestions927.2Drawingexercises92Chapter4Thetools:Imagingthe