西方语言学流派漫谈

西方语言学流派漫谈SchoolsofLinguistics:IntroductionSignificance语言是人类特有的属性，也很可能是区别人类和其他东吴的唯一特性。遗憾的是，我们对自己的语言了解得太少。语言的本质是什么？语言是怎样产生的？语言的意义从何而来？语言是如何习得的？语言和意识、智能、和思维、现实之间究竟是一种什么关系？语言对人类的行为有什么影响？Alexander:Whoarewe?Wheredowecomefrom?Whathavewedone?Whydowedothese?行为科学与自然科学落后了太多，人类对自身的了解少的可怜。在这个理性的世界上，唯一缺乏理性认识、缺乏理性解释的恰恰是人类自己。人类复杂行为---人会思维人与动物区别：人有智能，人会思维---人有区别性行为特征智能和思维---人与动物根本区别？语言---人与动物根本区别抽象的语言---高度复杂，抽象的思维，卓越的智能和复杂的思维。Bickerton：人类只有了解了语言，才能了解自身。通过研究语言来更好地认识我们自己和我们的行为。1.区分流派与分支DistinctionbetweenSchoolsandBranches1.1流派多指思潮,有代表人物,代表著作,主要观点,研究方法,盛行时代,有其影响,往往有历史视角.Schoolsrefertotrendsofthought,withtheirrepresentativefigures,works,uniqueideas,methodsandinfluenceonlaterdevelopment;adiachronicperspective.)1.区分流派与分支DistinctionbetweenSchoolsandBranches1.2分支多指领域,研究范围,也有经典著作,有影响的人物,多用共时观点.(Branchesrefertoareasofstudy,withtheirclassics,andinfluentialfigures;oftenasynchronicperspective.)1.区分流派与分支DistinctionbetweenSchoolsandBranches1.3历史视角和共时视角一起可以画出一个十字,像一个坐标.Thediachronicandsynchronicperspectiveswillformacross,whichlikeacoordinate.1.区分流派与分支1.2语言学的分支:Branches:从内部分:语音学,音系(位)学,词汇学,形态学,句法学,语义学,语用学(?)Distinctionfromwithin:phonetics,phonology,lexicology,morphology,syntax,semantic,pragmatics(?)1.区分流派与分支从外部分:心理语言学,社会语言学,计算语言学,神经语言学,文化语言学,人类语言学等.Distinctionfromwithout:psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,computationlinguistics,neurolinguistics,anthropologicallinguistics,culturallinguistics,etc.1.区分流派与分支大分类:理论语言学,应用语言学Theoreticallinguisticsandappliedlinguistics.1.区分流派与分支1.3语言学流派:传统语法(600BC—18世纪)traditionalgrammar;历史语言学(19世纪100年)historicallinguistics;现代语言学开端(索緖尔,20世纪初)thebeginningofmodernlinguistics;欧洲功能主义(20世纪20-50)Europeanfunctionalism1.区分流派与分支伦敦学派(1940—50)TheLondonSchool;系统功能语法(1960—现在)Halliday’sSystemic-functionalgrammar;美国结构主义语言学(1930—50)Americanstructuralism美国转换生成语法(1957—现)Chomsky’sGenerativeGrammar2.宏观区分流派AMoreMacroDistinction2.1形式派注重分析语言的形式,结构,成分和成分的分布,对语言进行形式描写和描写的形式化,考虑语言的心理性.Theformalschool:emphasizetheformal,structuralaspectsofL,anddistributionofelements;formalizethedescriptionofL;apsychologicalperspective.2.宏观区分流派AMoreMacroDistinction2.2功能派注重分析语言的功能,分析不同层次上的成分的语义功能,认为功能决定形式,考虑语言的社会性.Thefunctionalschool:emphasizethefunctionalnatureofL;analyzethesemanticfunctionofelementsonalllevels;functiondeterminesform;asociolinguisticperspective.2.宏观区分流派AMoreMacroDistinction2.3两派的区别1.形式主义者认为语言是心理现象;功能主义者说语言是社会现象.Theformalcampsaylanguageisapsychologicalfact;thefunctionalcampsaylanguageisasocialfact.2.宏观区分流派AMoreMacroDistinction2.形式主义者说语言普遍现象是人类生理遗传;功能主义者说是来自社会对语言的普遍运用.Theformalcampsaylinguisticuniversalsaremen’sbiologicalinheritance;thefunctionalcampsaylanguagesimilaritiescomefromthecommonuseoflanguage.2.宏观区分流派AMoreMacroDistinction3.形式主义者说儿童习得语言是人类的内在能力;功能主义者说这是儿童交际的需要和能力的发展.Theformalcampsaythatchildrenarebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage;thefunctionalcampsaythatlanguagelearningcomesfromchildren’sneedsandcognitivedevelopment.2.宏观区分流派AMoreMacroDistinction4.形式主义者把语言当成独立系统研究；功能主义者把语言放在社会功能中研究。Theformalistsregardlanguageasanindependentsystem;theformalistsstudylanguageinthesocialcontextbyreferringtoitsfunction.2.宏观区分流派Halliday:Thebasicoppositionisnotthatbetween‘structuralist’and‘generative’.Themorefundamentaloppositionisbetweenthosethatareprimarilysymtagmaticinorientation(byandlargetheformalgrammars,withtheirrootsinlogicandphilosophy)andthosethatareprimarilyparadigmatic(byandlargethefunctionalones,withtheirrootsinrhetoric2.宏观区分流派andethnography).Theformerinterpretalanguagealistofstructures,amongwhich,regularrelationshipsmaybeestablished(hencetheintroductionoftransformation);theytendtoemphasizeuniversalfeaturesoflanguage,totakegrammar(whichtheycallsyntax)asthefoundationoflanguage(hencethegrammarisarbitrary),andsotobeorganizedaroundthesentence.2.宏观区分流派Thelatterinterpretlanguageasanetworkofrelations,withstructurescominginastherealizationoftheserelationships;theytendtoemphasizevariablesamonglanguages,totakesemanticsasthefoundation(hencethegrammarisnatural),andsotobeorganizedaroundthetext,ordiscourse.2.宏观区分流派Therearemanycross-currents,withinsightsborrowedfromonetotheother;buttheyareideologicallyfairlydifficultanditisoftendifficultytomaintainadialogue.2.宏观区分流派Halliday:Ingeneralthefunctionalapproachleanstowardstheappliedratherthanthepure,therhetoricalratherthanthelogical,theactualrathertheideal,thefunctionalratherthantheformal,thetextratherthanthesentence.Theemphasisisontextanalysisasamodeofaction,atheoryoflanguageasameansofgettingthingsdone.3.流派与分支的价值SignificanceoftheTwo研究流派更具理论价值:从哲学上看,如何看待世界就如何看待语言;从心理学上看,“白板说”和“内容说”也区分两派;从方法论上看,归纳法,演绎法,二者结合等,也有不同.It’smoretheoreticallysignificanttostudyschools;theyinvolvephilosophy,psychology(blankslate/content),andmethodology(deduction/induction).3.流派与分支的价值SignificanceoftheTwo研究分支更具使用价值:语言内部分支也有理论价值,但有更多的使用价值;外部分支既有理论价值,又有应用价值.It’smoresignificantinpracticetostudythevariousbranchesoflinguistics,notwithouttheoreticalsignificance.3.流派与分支的价值SignificanceoftheTwo任何学科内,不应该只注重应用研究,基础理论研究十分重要.Inanydisciplineweshouldtakeseriouslybothbasic,pureresearchandappliedresearch.Bothareusefulandimportant.4.