跨文化交际实用教程

主讲教师：姚洋Unit4VerbalCommunicationCaseanalysisCultural-loadedwordsCulturalreflectionsonproverbsandtaboosDifferencesinculturalthoughtpatternsExercisesIdiom“Carefulwithfire,”isgoodadvice,weknow;“Carefulwithwords,”istentimesdoublyso.“Abeautifulwoman”ForadesertArab:250poundlovelywoman.ForanAmerican:slimbutbig-bustedlass.170poundsisskinny.ForanItalian:110poundsistooskinny.1磅=454克=0.454公斤=0.908斤Whatkindofwomanwillbeconcededasabeautifulwomaninourcountry?Cultural-LoadedwordsCanwecountonourdictionariestogiveustheproperEnglishforaChineseterm,ortheproperChineseforanEnglishword?Isthemeaningofequivalentwordsexactlythesameinbothlanguages?Does“dragon”meansthesametoawesterneras“龙”toaChinese?Cultural-Loadedwords龙：龙颜、龙袍、龙椅、龙心大喜dragon:monster知识分子/intellectual(peopleofhighacademicstatus,e.g.universityprofessors)cadre/干部(official\functionary\administrator)社会科学/socialscience(politicalscience,economics,history,sociology)humanities(language,literature,philosophyetc.)Examplesinourtextbook龙:totemwithmanyroyalassociationDragon:horrible,disgustingmonsters知识分子:peoplewhohavecollegeeducationIntellectual:peopleofhighacademicstatus,intellectualisnotalwaysacomplimentarytermintheUS,anditissometimesusedinaderogatory（贬义）sense.干部:Cadre:asmallgroupoftrainedpeoplewhoformthebasicunitofamilitarypoliticalorbusinessorganization.official/functionary/administrator社会科学:allthefieldsexcepttheonesinthenaturalsciencesandappliedscience.Socialscience:coversasmallerareaoflearning.Politicalscience,economics,history,andsociology.公与母male&femaleSeetable4.1Notallanimalsorbirdshavespecificnamesthatdenotedifferentsex.Fortheseanimalsorbirds,“bull”or“cow”and“cock”or“hen”arefrequentlyusedtodistinguishsex.Also,usingtheterm“male”and“female”,orsometimes“she”withthegenericnameisacceptable.Forexample:Bullelephant–cowelephantCocksparrow–hensparrowMalepandaShewolf副/vice,associate,assistant,deputy,lieutenant,underSeetable4.2Vice-chairman,vice-presidentassociateprofessor,associatedirectorassistantmanager,assistantsecretarydeputydirector,assistantsecretarylieutenantgovernor,lieutenantgeneralundersecretary(ofState,U.S.)副国务卿总结起来大家需要知道的：1、中英词汇及词意并不是一一对应的。2、从表面看起来相同或相近的词，可能实际上指的不是一个东西。3、在一种语言下，一个词汇可能指向多种意义；而在另外一种语言中，这个词汇可能有着更多的含义。4、有的词汇或一些固定表达在一定的基础程度上会很接近。但在更深层次的下，其意义可能会有不同CulturalreflectionsonproverbsProverbsmayprovideinterestingglimpsesorcluestoapeople’sgeography,history,socialorganization,socialviews,etc.游牧民族-草原、羊群、豺狼生活在海边的人-大海、天气、渔业、航行SeealltheexamplesonP74-75思考中英格言的一些相互关系TheproverbsshowthesimilaritiesofhumanexperiencesandobservationsofbothEnglishandChineseculture.ButwealsohavesomeChineseproverbswithoutcommonlyknownEnglishequivalents.TherearealsosomeEnglishproverbsthatdonothaveexactChineseequivalents.Andsomeproverbsillustratedifferences,althoughhavingsurfacesimilarities.注意中英习语在深层次上的差异：一个巴掌拍不响：错误大家都有责任、做好一件事一个人是不够的Ittakestwotomakeaquarrel:只是表达了错误的责任不在一个人的身上Glidingthelily–锦上添花（贬义）（褒义）Lifebeginsatforty两种翻译的差异人到四十五，正如出山虎（积极的）潮怕二十，人怕四十（消极的）关键差异就在于人对begin在这句话中的理解Taboos中英表达中共同的忌讳：1.人类排泄活动相关的词汇。E.g.shit/屎2.与性或性器官有关的词汇。E.g.ass/pussy3.骂人的词汇、脏话。E.g.Fuck/sonofbitchThinkaboutit:我们国家或者是其他国家，还有什么其他言语上的禁忌吗？摩西十诫第三条：“不可妄称耶和华－你上帝的名；因为妄称耶和华名的，耶和华必不以他为无罪。”ThirdYoushallnottakeTheNameofTheLordyourGodinvain;forTheLordwillnotholdhimguiltlesswhotakesHisNameinvain.实际生活中，出于对于宗教的敬畏，美国人往往用委婉语“Ohmygosh”。当提及耶稣基督时，往往不说“Jesus”而改用“Jeepers”或不说“Christ而说“Cripes”等近音词。对“hell”“devil”等与宗教有关的词也会尽量避讳。所以当你的确感到非常地气愤，想说“Whatahell”时，不妨改换成“Whataheck”，这样更合适。另外,偶尔会听到“darnit”或“dangit”“dashit”来代替“damnit”DifferencesinculturalthoughtpatternsReadthestoryaboutaAfricanstudentonP78.Englishnativespeakersexpresstheirthoughtswithfactsconcerningthemaintopic.西方人的思维是二元对立的，在他们的世界里只有黑白，对错。很少有灰色地带。但是我们中国人的思维通常比较辩证，这样对，但是那样也可以。所以中国人在和外国人说话的时候，外国人经常说的是Don'tbeatroundthebush..CulturalthoughtpatternU.S.:factual-inductive(ascertainfacts,findsimilarities,formulateconclusions)formerSovietUnion:axiomatic-deductive(movefromgeneralprincipletoparticulars)Arab:intuitive-affective(factsaresecondarytoemotions)不同文化下的人的不同思维方式Seefigure4.1英国人：直接的、线性的闪族人：间接相关与半直接相结合东方人：循环、迂回论证罗曼人：固守的迂回俄罗斯人：直接中又带着隐晦和迂回西方文化多是推论演绎的论证方式而东方文化更多倾向于把情感带入论证中。差异体现在，理胜于情还是情胜于理。Inothersocieties,peoplethinkandexpressindifferentways.Thismeanstakingonestepbackfromone’svaluesandcherishedbeliefs,whichisfarfromeasy.ResearchQuestionDifferentcolorshavedifferentassociationsindifferentlanguages.PleasemakeaclosestudyofsomecolorwordsbetweenChineseandEnglish.CasestudyanddiscussionCase1ShoesforstreetwalkingWhydoEnglish-speakingtouristsbreakoutintolaughteraftertheyredthesign?What’stherealmeaningof“astreetwalker”&“tohaveafit”?Streetwalker=妓女Tohaveafit=大发脾气、大吃一惊其他容易“误会”的词语：Americanbeauty是“红蔷薇”,而不是“美国美人”。goDutch是“各人自己付钱”，而不是“去荷兰”。Americanplan是“食宿一费制”，而不是“美洲计划”。Case2AmisunderstandingcausedbyajokeWhydidthis2peoplemisunderstandeachother?Whatwillyoudoifyouwereinthissituation?Hustle:1、强迫、打扰。2、欺骗、卖淫、勾搭。Foreignlanguagelearnersshouldpayspecialattentiontotheslangandidiomaticexpressionsusedbynativespeakers.Meaningswillverydepe