Constructivism建构主义国际关系理论

ConstructivismQuestions1.Whatdoesconstructivemean?2.Whatistheroleofhumanawareness/consciousness/ideainIR?3.Whatapproachdoestheconstructivismuse?4.Whatarethemajorassumptionsofconstructivism?5.Theviewsonanarchy,cultures,conflict1.Whatdoestheconstructivemean?•RealismLiberalismCausaltheoryCausal/constructive•causality•Phenomena(result)•Reasons•Constructive•AB2.TheroleofhumanawarenessinIR•RealismClassicalrealismNeo-realismOffensiveRealismCapability(physicalelement)•LiberalismSocioliberalismIndependenceliberalismInstitutionalliberalismDemocraticliberalism•ConstructivismAwarenessConsciousnessIdeasConceptiondiscourse3.Theapproachesofconstructivism•Traditionalismclassicalapproach•Human-focused•Interpretive•Normative•Historical-concrete•Theoristinsidesubject•Humanism•Behaviorism•Structure-focused•Explanatory•Positive•Analytical-abstract•Theoristoutsidesubject•ScienceConstructivisttheorists•PeterKatzenstein(1996)•AlexanderWendt(1992)SocialTheoryofInternationalPolitics•NicholarsOnuf(1989)Focusofconstructivism•Humanawarenessorconsciousness;•Anditsplaceinworldaffairs;•Constructivistsarenotsatisfiedwiththeexplanationsofneo-realiststhattendtodisregardhumanawarenessorconsciousness,andfocus,insteadonmilitarypowerormaterialinterests;•Constructivistspayparticularattentiontothecultural-institutional-normativeaspectsofIR;•Beskepticalofhavinganeutralstancetowardsresearch;•Beskepticalofobjectiveknowledge;•Keyworld:•thoughts,beliefs,ideas,culture,identity,normsandinstitutions;•Inter-subjective/Causality(billiardball)•Noexternal,objectivesocialreality(socialandpoliticalworldisnotphysicalentityormaterialobjectthatoutsidehumanconsciousness);•Itexistsonlyasinter-subjectiveawarenessamongpeople;•Itisasetofideas,abodyofthought,asystemofnorms,whichhasbeenarrangedbycertainpeopleataparticulartimeandplace;•Thesystemconsistsinthoughtsandideas;4.Assumption1).Humanrelations,includinginternationalrelations,consistessentiallyofthoughtsandideasandnotofmaterialconditionorforce;•Ontology:idealistphilosophy/materialistphilosophy;1.•Thesocialworldisnotagiven,itisnotanexternalrealitywhoselawscanbediscoveredbyscientificresearchandexplainedbyscientifictheoryasbehavioralistsandpositivistsargue;•Historyisnotanevolvingexternalprocessthatisindependentofhumanthoughtandideas;1).•Everythinginvolvedinthesocialworldofmenandwomenismadebythem;•Thesocialworldisaworldofhumanconsciousness:ofthoughtsandbriefs,ofideasandconcepts,oflanguagesanddiscourses,ofsign,signalsandunderstandingsamonghumanbeings;1).•Thesocialworldisaninter-subjectivedomain:itismeaningfultothepeoplewhomadeitandliveinit;•Thephysicalelementsisthere.Buttheelementissecondarytotheintellectualelementwhichinfusesit,plansit,organizesit,andguidesit;1.•Socialstructureshavethreeelements:sharedknowledge,materialresources,andpractices.First,socialstructuresaredefined,inpart,bysharedunderstandings,expectations,orknowledge.Theseconstitutetheactorsinasituationandthenatureoftheirrelationships,whethercooperativeorconflictual.Wendt(1992:73)-----continue•Asecuritydilemma,isasocialstructurecomposedofinter-subjectiveunderstandingsinwhichstatesaresodistrustthattheymakeworse-caseassumptionsabouteachother’sintentions,andasaresultdefinetheirinterestsinself-helpterms.Wendt(1992:73)1.•Asecuritycommunityisdifferentsocialstructure,onecomposedofsharedknowledgeinwhichstatestrustonanothertoresolvedisputeswithoutwar.Thisdependenceofsocialstructureonideasisthesenseinwhichconstructivismhasasidealistviewofstructure.Wendt(1992:73)4.Assumption2)Thecoreideationalelementuponwhichconstructivistsfocusareinter-subjectivebelief(andideas,conceptions,andassumptions)thatarewildlysharedamongpeople.•Nations,nationalismsandnationalidentitiesaresocialconstructionsoftimeandplace;4.Assumption3).Thosewhosharedbeliefscomposeandexpresstheinterestsandidentitiesofpeople:e.g.thewaypeopleconceiveofthemselvesintheirrelationswithothers.•Christian/protestant;English-speakingnation;capitalism/statism;•Germany;4.Assumption4).Constructivistsfocusnotonlyondifferencesamongpeopleandthewaysthatpeopleinstitutionalizeandregulatetheirdifferencesbutalsoonthewaysthatpeoplemanagetocreateandsustainsocial,economicandpoliticalrelationsinspiteoftheirsocialdifferences.5.Conflict•Forconstructivist:conflictisnotasacollisionbetweenforcesorentitybutratherasadisagreementordisputeormisunderstandingorlackofcommunication;•Conflictisalwaysaconflictofmindsandwillsofthepartiesinvolved.•Theideationalbasisofthedisputewillberevealedandthe‘causes’ofitwillbeseeninthecorrectlight:i.e.asinter-subjectivediscord.5.TheviewsonAnarchy•Realism:agivenconditioncyclicaltheory•Liberalism•Noworldgovernment•Butitdoesn’tmeandisorder•ProgressiveAnarchyAnarchyself-helpsystem,alternativeSecuritydilemma(noinevitable)IRiscreatedandconstitutedentirelybypeopleNothinginevitableorunchangeable(everythingisuncertainandinflux)5.TheviewsonAnarchyConstructivism•“anarchyiswhatstatesmakeofit”;(Wendt,1992)•Anarchyisnotsomekindofexternalgivenwhichdictatesalogicofanalysisbasedonneorealism;•Kantculture•Lockeculture•Hobbesculture•i