《英语修辞格》

FiguresofSpeech英语修辞格I.Simile（明喻）Asimileisafigureofspeechinwhichtwoquitedifferentthingsarecomparedbecausetheyappeartobesimilaratleastonecharacteristic.Opensimile——–Themanoverthereislikeapig.Inthissentence,thesecondaryterm“pig”hasmanycharacteristicssuchasfat,lazy,dirty,greedyandgross.Inwhichrespectorrespectsisthatmanlikeapig?Itdoesnotsay.So,itiscalledanopensimile(itdoesnotgiveanydefiniteinformation).Closedsimile—Wenotonlycomparethatmanwithapig,butalsospecifytherespectinwhichtheyarecompared:—–Themanis“asfatasapig”.不用like,as等连词，而采取其他对比形式。1．形容词比较级(nomorethan,notanymorethan,as…as…)—–Hehadnomoreideaofmoneythanacow.他对金钱像牛对金钱一样一无所知。—–Therubyshallberedderthanaredrose,andthesapphireshallbeasblueasthegreatsea.红宝石可以比红玫瑰还要红,蓝宝石可以同大海一样蓝.2.介词短语(of+…)—–Adoctormusthavetheheartofalionandthehandofalady.大夫必须有狮子般的胆量和仕女般的巧手.3.连词and连接的两个同等成分—–Loveandcoughcannotbehid.爱情跟咳嗽一样是掩盖不了的.—–Awordandstoneletgocannotberecalled.(proverb)说出的话收不回.II.Metaphor（隐喻）Metaphorisafigureofspeechinwhichonethingisdescribedintermsofanother.Inametaphor,acomparisonisusuallyimplicit;whereasinasimileitisexplicit.—–Becauseofhiswealth,hewasafountainofgenerositytohisrelativesandfriends.—–Somebooksaretobetasted,othersswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.—–Inforeignpolicy,flyingsolocanberiskybusiness.—–Hewassuchamarvelousteacherthatwheneverherecognizedasparkofgenius,youshouldbesurehewouldwaterit.III.Analogy（类比）Analogyisafigureofspeechwhichdrawsaparallelbetweentwodifferenttypesofthings,andusesone(usuallyfamiliartothereader)toexplaintheother(usuallyunfamiliartothereader).Thefunctionofananalogyistodeepenthereader’sunderstandingofthewriter’spoint.Forexample,TextAinUnits1&3employsanalogy.IV.Metonymy（转喻借代）Metonymyisafigureofspeechinwhichthenameofonethingisusedtostandforanotherthing.Thetwothingsinvolvedinametonymyarenotofthesamekindbutarecloselyrelated.—–Shewas,tobesure,agirlwhoexcitedtheemotion,butIwasnottoletmyheartrulemyhead.—–Hewasabignoisebehindtheeconomicscenes.—–Thekettleisboiling.—–Pleasedrinkacuportwo.—–HaveyoueverreadShakespeare?—–MoscowandWashingtonwillholdtalksonthisquestion.—–Thewholecitywentouttoseethevictoriousgeneral.V.Antithesis（对立有重复的部分）Antithesismeanscontrastingideassharpenedbytheuseofoppositeornoticeablydifferentmeanings.Itcanresultinlinguisticbrevityandrhythmicharmony.—–Mankindmustputanendtowar,orwarwillputanendtomankind.—–J.Kennedy—–Americanimperialismishestrongestinhistoryandalsotheweakestinhistory.Theskyscraperishighestbutthefoundationisshakiest.—–Anna.L.Strong—–Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes;itwastheageofwisdom.Itwastheageoffoolishness.—–CharlesDickens—–AnymanorstatewhofightonagainNazidomwillhaveouraid.AnymanorstatewhomarcheswithHitlerisourfoe.—–WinstonChurchill—–Andso,myfellowAmericans,asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou;askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.—–J.KennedyVI.Oxymoron（矛盾词的意思相反）Itisafigureofspeechinwhichapparentlycontradictorytermsarecombinedtoproduceanepigrammaticeffect.Whencontradictorytermsareusedtogether,theycanrevealtherelationshipbetweentwothingswhichareoppositeorquasi-oppositetoeachotherinmeaning.—–Cruelkindness(oppositeinmeaning)—–Coldfire(quasi-oppositeinmeaning)—–Hisairwasoneoffriendlyhostility.—–Idon’tmeantoimplythatwearesuddenlythreatenedintheUnitedNationswithharmony.—–Hishonorrootedindishonorstood.Andfaithunfaithfulkepthimfalselytrue.VII.Pun（双关）Itisafigureofspeechdependinguponasimilarityofsoundandadisparityofmeaning.Punisusuallyemployedforjocularandhumorouseffect.—–Anambassadorisanhonestmanwholiesabroadforgoodofhiscountry.—–Askformetomorrowandyouwillfindmeagraveman.—–Shakespeare—–Sevendayswithoutwatermakeoneweak.(=week)—–Aprofessortappedonhisdeskandshouted:“Gentlemen—–order!”Theentireclassyelled:“Beer!”VIII.Paradox（悖论逻辑相反）Paradoxisastatementwhichiscontrarytoexpectation,apparentlyabsurdorself-contradictory.Butinfact,itisreasonableandlogical.Aparadoxoftenimpliesprofoundmeaning,hencethought-provoking.—–Mosthaste,lessspeed.—–Thechildisfatherofman.—–W.Wordsworth—–Thosewhohaveeyesapparentlyseelittle.—–HelenKellerIX.Alliteration（押韵）Alliterationreferstotherepetitionusuallyofaninitialsoundthatisusuallyaconsonantintwoormoreneighboringwordsorsyllables.Theuseofitgoesbacktoancienttimes.Asoneofthephoneticrhetoricaldevices,itremainsapreferablemeansinliterarycreation.—–Thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,thefurrowfollowedfree.—–Nexttohealth,heart,home,happinessformobileAmericansdependsupontheautomobile.—–Andsingsasolitarysong,Thatwhistlesinthewind.—–W.Wordsworth—–China’scities,afterdecadesofbolteddoorsandbarredwindows,aresuddenlybeingopenedtosweepingchanges.—–NewsWeeklyX.Irony（讽刺）Ironyisafigureofspeechinwhichthemeaningliterallyexpressedistheoppositeofthemeaningintendedandwhichaimsatridicule,humororsarcasm.Sometimesironyisusedtoshowpeople’sintimatefeeling,butinmostcases,itisusedtocriticizeorexposebadanduglythings.Twotypesofirony:1.Antiphrase(wordsusedobviouslywithmeaningsoppositetotheirliteralone)—–Blessedaretheyoung,fortheyshallinheritthenationaldebt.—–Thishard-workingboyseldomreadsmorethananhourperweek.2.Situationsirony(Wordsusedwith