文学阅读与翻译的话语认知阐释1

罗选民清华大学2012/04/06CognitionCommunicationCulturalcontextTextReadingTranslationWhatiscognition?Thementalactionorprocessofacquiringknowledgeandunderstandingthroughthoughts,experience,andthesense.——TheNewOxfordEnglishDictionarylittletheswallowfliesorangeducksWhatiscommunication?Theimpartingorexchangingofinformationbyspeaking,writing,orbyusingsomeothermedium.——TheNewOxfordEnglishDictionarySpeechLanguageHumancommunicationCommunicationWhatisculture?“Cultureisthecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanother”(Hofstede,1991).Humanbeingsperceiveandunderstandthematerialthingsaroundthemastheyhavelearnedfromtheirculture.Beaugrande&Dressler@IntroductiontoTextLinguistics@Adiscussionoftextualcognitioninacross-culturalcontextIntroductiontoTextLinguisticsbyBeaugrande&Dressler“话语被定义为关于一个交流事件的一连串语句，它应符合话语成构的七条标准。如果这七条话语标准未得到满足，交际就无法进行。”（Beaugrande&Dressler，1981：3）Thesevenstandardsoftextualconstituents:cohesion)/(coherence)；intentionality/acceptabilityinformativitysituationalityintertextuality1/Intentioncoverswhatspeakersintend.(Dijk,1997:53)Intentionareperceivedincommunication,thetranslator,inadditiontobeingacompetentprocessorofintentioninanySLtext,mustbeinapositiontomakejudgmentsaboutthelikelyeffectofthetranslationonTLreader/hearers.(Hatim&Mason,65)1a/It’sverycoldhere?(Thespeaker’sintention:Wouldyoupleaseshutthewindow?)Anutteranceorsentencemusthaveanexpectationfromthewriter/translatorandhisreaders.Tothetranslator,itistheillocutionaryforce,andtothereaderistheperlocutionaryforce.2/INFORMATIVITY:Thedegreeofunexpectednesswhichanitemoranutterancedisplaysinsomecontext.2a.GaddafiisstillaliveinLibya.2b.人固有一死。2b人固有一死.#2c人固有一死,或重于泰山,或轻于鸿毛.2d.Thenextdayhediscoveredthelake.Itwasasmall,lowhillaboutfivemilesinlandthatfirstattractedhisattention.Itlookedlike[aplacefromwhichtheycouldspyoutthelandandwheretheycouldcampatleastforthenight.]3/Cohesion:therequirementthattextcoheregrammaticallyandlexically.(H&M,239)3a.Coresixapplesandputthemintothefireproofdish.3.b（白嘉轩）娶头房媳妇时他刚刚过十六岁生日。那是西原上巩家村大户巩增荣的头生女，比他大两岁。（陈忠实《白鹿原》）4/Coherence:Therequirementthattextshangtogetherconceptually.4a.Jackfelldownandbrokehiscrown.4b.Johnislate.Heisalwayslate.4a.Jackfelldownandbrokehiscrown.vs4c.ProfessorZhangmetvisitorsandbrokehisleg.5/Situationality:Therelationshipbetweenthefunctionofanutteranceanditscontext.Itncludesparticipantsinspeechevents,theactiontakingplace,otherrelevantfeaturesofthesituationandtheeffectsoftheverbalaction.5aSlowChildrenAtPlay5bSlowchildrenareatplay.#（弱智儿童在游玩。）5cSlow!Childrenareatplay!（慢！儿童在游玩！）6/INTERTEXTUALITY:Apreconditionfortheintelligibilityoftexts,involvingthedependenceofonetextasasemioticentityuponanother.Theothertextcouldbeapriorindependenttext,inwhichcaseintertextualityistheappropriateterm.6a/5c慢！儿童在游玩!#6a慢儿童在游玩6aThecryofthebutterflyTheCryoftheButterflyGoneWiththeWingButterfliesaremagical,wondrous----andthreatenedTheCryoftheButterfly?GonewiththeWing?Doubleintertextualities:1.TheCalloftheWild（JackLondon）《野性的呼唤》2.GonewiththeWind（MargaretMitchel）《飘》、《乱世佳人》6b蝴蝶的呼唤____________________飘逝逝逝逝……蝴蝶迷人，绚丽灿烂……可正面临威胁[4.1a]蝴蝶的呼唤____________________飘逝逝……蝴蝶迷人，绚丽灿烂……可正面临危险Intertextualityinadvertisements1.BroadwayinNewYork(1995)2.AbusinTaibei(2003)3.InLosAngeles(2006)7aQ:Whydon’tyouhaveclassesinyourschooltoday?A:H1N1isrampant.TheSituationtellsthatmanyplacesareinfectedwithH1N1.Thestudentsareaskedtostayathome.Theschoolwillnotopenuntiltheinfectionhasbeentotallycontrolled.ThoughBdoesnotanswerA’squestion,yetthetextsareofacceptability.)WhyisIntroductiontoTextLinguisticsnotpopularinChina?Whyhasthebooknoneweditionsinceitsfirstpublicationin1982?1.Thecomplexityofthemodeloftextualanalysis2.Theparadigmandnorms3.Ashortageofreadability4.Insufficientconsiderationofcross-culturalfunctions5.Shortcomingsinmethodandtechnologiesfortheanalysisoftextualmodel6.TheoryismuchmanipulatedinChina衔接(cohesion)/连贯(coherence)意图(intentionality)/可接受性(acceptability)信息度(informativity)情景性(situationality)互文性(intertextuality)Beaugrande和Dressler对话语七个标准分析，并非完全是动态的和系统的，相反,按照他们的排列和分析，七项标准的内在联系被割裂和削弱了。在本节中，作者提出一个话语的建构模式，以期对跨文化交际中的话语进行动态的分析。1增加了传讯者与受讯者(Addresser/Addressee);2文本总是处于互动之中,传讯者与受讯者的角色是不断变换的,turn-taking可以用来解释;3意图性摆在首位,如何一个交际行为都是意图性的,它是决定交际成功与否的首要因素;火箭图形用来说明人类交际有如火箭发射,将卫星送出去,平安进入轨道运行才算成功;框内要素为话语本体部分,框外要素为话语外部的制约部分创苹记第六天创苹记/第六天意图性：通过艺术和吸引眼球的语言，巧妙地推出新款《苹果日报》，使其成功登陆台湾信息度：果与“果”（苹果）之别,通过它你可以知道很多你过去不知道的事情连贯：创世纪,第六天(圣经题材,主题)，通过文化语境来得到意象的整合衔接:创苹记-苹果日报,创苹记-创世记情景性：性感的美女钟丽缇从从红苹果中涌出＝伊甸园（Eden)隐喻＝劲爆的新闻//互文性：创苹记－创世纪；百老汇广告图片可接受性：广告，而且是有关《苹果日报》的宣传，所以钟丽缇的半裸图像是可以接受的；否则，《苹果日报》的广告意图是否实现？1/Mannin（保健水的品牌）水氏物语杯水瘦身意图：推销保健水信息度：一杯水就可苗条衔接：水氏-杯水连贯：水氏物语－杯水瘦身，具有因果关系互文性：水氏物语=《源氏物语》（林文月译）杯水瘦身=/+杯水车薪情景性：人皆偏肥的世界可接受性：一个做梦都想要苗条的群体水氏物语杯水瘦身TheStoryoftheWater(TheStoryoftheStone)JustOneCup,SlimandSlender2/TheAdventuresofTomSawyer篱笆物语（汤姆刷墙记）(OnaSundaymorning,TomwaswhitewashingthefenceWhileanotherboyBenpassedbyandwaseatinganapple.)TomsurveyedhislasttouchwiththeeyeofanArtist;thenhegavehisbrushanothergentlesweepandsurveyedtheresultasbefore.Benrangedupa