2-1 narration 记叙文写作

•FourformsofdiscourseDescriptionNarrationExpositionArgumentationnote•Thefourformsarenotentirelydistinctfromeachother.ThesamepieceofwritingmaycontainTWOormoreformsinit.WhatisNarrationTonarrateistogiveanaccountofwhathappenedorishappening.Simplyspeaking,narrationisthetellingofastory,whichinvolvescharactersandongoingactions.•Narration,accordingtoitsdifferentuses,isdividedintotwotypes:expositoryandliterary.•Expositorynarrativeisthefactualaccountofevents,includinghistory,biography,travels,newsreportsandjournals,withinformativeorillustrativepurpose.4•Literarynarrativeisusuallyfictitious,foundabundantlyinliterarycreationssuchasanecdotes,talesandfables,romances,shortstories,novels,andstoriesinverse.(usedchieflyforexperientialoraestheticpurpose)noteThesetwotypesofnarrativehavemuchincommon.Andsometimesitisdifficulttotellonefromtheother,forapieceofgoodexpositorynarrativecanalsobeexperientialandaestheticwithitslivelyandvividtale.Characteristics•Anarrationwill1.tellastory2.haveathemeratherthanatopicsentence,3.bewritteninthefirstperson,4.tendtobefactual,5.includedescription,6.includedialogue,7.relyonsensorydetailsforimpact,8.followachronologicalorganization.NarrativeEssays•Anarrativeessayisawaytorecordandshareexperiencesandcanbeusefulwaytosubstantiate(证实)newunderstanding.•Towriteanarrativeessay,weneedtothinkaboutaneventworthsharingandtothinkaboutfindingthesignificant,salientpointsinthateventsothatwecanexpandonthefactsandmakethestoryinteresting.Elementsofanarrativeessay•Plot–thearrangement/flowofincidentsoreventsinastory•Character–maybeaperson,agrouporevenanimal(whoactorthinklikepeople)whois/areplacedinasituationwhichcontainsaproblemhe/shemustsolve.•Conflict–theprobleminthestorywhichtheprotagonistshouldresolve.•Setting–thephysicalbackgroundofthestory.Thisincludeswhereandwhenthestorytakesplace.•Style–thewaystheauthorexpresseshim/herselfandconveyshis/herideasandcentralpurposePrinciplesFORwritinganarrativeessay1)PointofviewIfit’syourstory,use“I”;Ifit’sastoryaboutwhathappenedtoafriendorgroupoffriendsincludingyourself,use“we”.Ifitisaboutsomeoneelseoraboutsomething,use“he”,“she”or“it”.Beconsistent（一致的）.Retaintheperspectivethroughout.Samples•Theotherday,Iwasdrivingalongthestreet.Suddenly,acarlostitscontrolandrandirectlytowardsmefast.IwassofrightenedthatIquicklyturnedtotheleftside.Butitwastoolate.ThecarhitmybikeandIfelloffit.•LittleTomwasgoingtoschoolwithanumbrella,foritwasraininghard.Ontheway,hesawanoldwomanwalkingintherainwithnothingtocover.Tomwentuptotheoldwomanandwantedtosharetheumbrellawithher,buthewastooshort.Whatcouldhedo?Thenhehadagoodidea.2)SequenceororderUsetheconventionsfoundinanystory:•aplot•thecharacters•aclimax•anending10-4Besuretoincludethefollowinginformation:•why(theplotisimportant)•who(thecharactersare)•where(ithappened,ishappening,willhappen)•when(ithappened,ishappening,willhappen)Useflashbacktomakeanarrativeinteresting.•Ijumpedoffthebusbeforeitstoppedandbeganwalkingdownthestreet.AsIhadarrivedearly,Idecidedtolookattheshopwindowsbeforegoinghome.Theideamakesmequitehappy,butatthesametimeIhadtheunpleasantfeelingthatIhadforgottensomething.Istoppedinthemiddleofthepavementandbegansearchingmypockets.AllofasuddenIrememberedthatIwaswithoutmybriefcase!Ihadleftitonthebusanditwasfullofimportantpapers.Thethoughtwasenoughtomakemestartrunningdownthestreet,thoughbynow,thebuswasoutofsight.SampleFollowThatBus!Thefirstperson;Sequence3)TenseItishardlysafetosaythatthepasttenseshouldbegenerallyusedinnarration.1.Innarrationwhattookplaceinthepast,usethepasttense.2.Innarrationwhattakesplaceeverydayorforalltime,usethepresenttense.3.Innarrationwhatwilltakeplaceinthefuture,usethefuturetense.3)Tense•4.Inanarrativeorfiction,usethepasttenseasarule,thoughitispermissibletousethepresenttenseoccasionallyforeffect.•5.Inwritingasummaryofastory,adrama,etc,useeitherthepasttenseorthepresenttense.4)DialogueTheadvantages:Bringthecharactersalive;MakethestorymeaningfulandrealisticNotes:Wordsofeachcharacter,enclosedinquotationmark,aretreatedasaseparateparagraph;Sometimes,indirectspeechescanalsobeused.WhatHappenedinHistoryTodayAtfiveminutestothemidnightonNovember4,1605,GuyFawkesattemptedtoblowuptheEnglishHousesofParliamentbutwasarrestedinthecellars(地窖,)directlybeneaththeLord’sChamber.Withotherconspirators（反叛者)disguisedascoalmerchants,Fawkeshadsmuggled(走私)36barrelsofgunpowderintothevaultedcellarsandhiddenthemunderbundlesofwood,andemptybottles.OneoftheconspiratorswrotetoLordMonteagleandwarnedhimnottoattendtheopeningoftheParliamentonNovember5.Theanonymous(匿名的)letterstatedthattheparliamentwould“receiveaterribleblow.”Monteagleimmediatelyinformedtheauthoritiesandasearchwasmade.Butnothingwasfound.Monteaglewenttothecellartohaveanotherlook.Therehenoticedthatthewoodpileseemedoutofproportion.Theexplosiveswerefound.Fawkes,whowasstayingtherewasarrested.(Pointofview?Tense?Device?)Pointofview:thethirdpersonTense:thepasttenseDevice:flashbackSAMPLE1Sample2ThecoldwindblewandsnowlayonthegroundbutIwasthinkingofmylove,ofhowIwouldseehiminanhour,andofhowhiseyesaresokin