性别认同与建构的心理空间

100732internetinformationenvironmentRoss&Nisbett1991socialcontextconstrueTaylor1998Shaw19981inter-disciplinemulti-levelgenderdifferencesindividualdifferences1sexEtaugh&Bridges2001/20032Ellis1894Morawski199621sexdifferenceapproachmasculinityfemininitythepsychologyofgenderandsexualitygenderandpsychologysexdifferencespsychologyBem1981Beall&Sternberg1993Brannon1996Lenney1990/1997naturenurtureDeaux&Lafrance19983socializedgendered24Bem19941genderpolarization2androcentrism3biologicalessentialismDeaux&Major1987gender-in-contextmodel123Deaux&Major19873categoryselfcognitionsocialcognitionsocialstereotypeascriptionachievementpolarizationDeaux&Lafrance1998filter1genderstereotypesBem1974shouldbeFiske&Stevens1993prototypicalityBem1974Bem4BemBemSexRoleInventoryBSRI1974Lenney1990/1997masculinityfemininityandrogynygenderschemaBem1981Bem1993Bem199911518101041412191318113341111151215123251612181113102111071919995117PrenticeCarranza2002PrenticeCarranzashouldbeshouldn’ttobeareallowedtobedon’thavetobe25PsychologyofWomenQuarterly,26(2002),2712egalitariangenderattitudebegendered3Turner19871socialcategorization2socialidentification3socialcomparison4psychologicaldistinctiveness6identityingroupoutgroup12psychologicallink31Skevington&Backer1989Williams&Giles1978intergroupintragroup2ingroupbiasselfesteemMizrahi7DeauxDeaux&Lafrance199836%47%2000200219971999Hogg19871998Gurin&Markus198931BemBem8Bem2Buss1995Buss&Kenrick19983onedosenothaveagender,onedoesgenderWest&Zimmerman198741220041795060.4%39.6%1998200140%32480271517.5%314843516.0%7.3%5.0%920041231997106210020041800040%embed200020033.75.74.81.69.60.56.75.64.75.59.58.54.73.56.55.55.55.59.56.44.53.37.52.44.41.48200312341056P.053.2543212.212.021.861.711.354413.25.561.254.0049622.21.691.004.0049332.02.811.004.0049341.86.631.003.6049051.71.661.004.0049261.35.491.004.00489P.0520032.55543149686.9%16049332.5%10249320.7%8649017.6%5549211.2%224894.5%200311P.056666.0%1.7634.0%1.63200322000significantotherDeaux&Lafrance1998200212200329.5920.9277.4210.08%14.910.53727.034.79418718814.0476.528834.039.18418518514.80711.772830.088.08337237114.7389.750320032148-138N=37223139803518722.2%46.3%47.6%59.7%43.8%50.3%73643544518577.8%53.7%52.4%40.3%56.3%49.7%20039N=37223232823918725.0%65.3%44.4%55.0%41.5%50.3%6174045551851375.0%34.7%55.6%45.0%58.5%49.7%200310N=37242639764218733.3%54.2%52.7%56.7%40.4%50.3%82235586218566.7%52.7%47.3%43.3%59.6%49.7%200311N=372214401003118728.6%60.9%55.6%53.2%37.8%50.3%5932885118571.4%39.1%44.4%46.8%62.2%49.7%200312N=37218637131418741.9%57.3%52.2%44.9%28.6%50.3%254765381018558.1%42.7%47.8%55.1%71.4%49.7%200313N=37211467782718725.0%56.0%56.8%49.1%40.9%50.3%31151813918575.0%44.0%43.2%50.9%59.1%49.7%20033.682.772.9123.760.423.726.735.237.260.41414-.13-.14.10814N=37212788452618712.5%42.9%51.2%56.3%53.1%50.3%73684352318587.5%57.1%48.8%43.8%46.9%49.7%200320022002200319991220023452002391515123415567892003129,80827.77%20.89%20.63%16.30%9.96%4.45%FT11“YAOLAN”……”(QJYL13)16QJYL061949CVPO2BM(ID1QM)(ID6CW)JE20FT12//17ID1PPM(ID1AS)/ID6LJTT181WellmanGulia19782interpersonalperception191lookingglassself23SherryTurkle1995PeterSteiner1993PhilAgre1999ByronBurkhalter199920JodiO’Brien1999//12321/personality20032002E200217://://://:3-5.Beall,A.E.&Sternberg,R.J.(eds.)(1993).Thepsychologyofgender.NewYork:GuilfordPress.Bem,S.L.(1974).Themeasurementofpsychologicalandrogyny.JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,42,155-162.Bem,S.L.(1981).Genderschematheory:Acognitiveaccountofsextyping.PsychologicalReview,No.88;369-371.Bem,S.L.(1993).TheLensesofGender.NewHaven,CT:YaleUniversityPress.Brannon,L.(1996).Gender:psychologicalperspectives.NeedhamHts,MA:Allyn&Bacon.Burkhalter,B.(1999).ReadingRaceOnline:DiscoveringRacialIdentityinUsenetDiscussions,inM.Smith,P.Kollock(ed.).CommunitiesinCyberspace,pp.60-75.NewYork:Routledge.Buss,D.&Kenrick,D.T.(1998).Evolutionarysocialpsychology.InD.T.Gilbert,S.T.Fiske,&G.Lindzey.(eds.)TheHandbookofSocialPsychology.(4th).Boston:TheMcCraw-HillCo.Inc.Buss,D.M.(1995).Psychologicalsexdifference:Originsthroughsexualselection.AmericanPsychologist.50,164-168Deaux,K.,&Lafrance,M.(1998).Gender.InD.T.Gilbert,S.T.Fiske,&G.Lindzey.(eds.)TheHandbookofSocialPsychology.(4th).Boston:TheMcCraw-HillCo.Inc.788-827.Deaux,K.,&Major,B.(1987).Puttinggenderintocontext:Aninteractivemodelofgender-relatedbehavior.PsychologicalReview,94,369-389.Etaugh,C.A.&Bridges,J.S.(2001/2003).Thepsychologyofwomen:Alifespanperspective.Allyn&Becon.Fiske,S.T.&Stevens,L.E.(1993).What’ssospecialaboutsex?Genderstereotypinganddiscrimination.InS.Oskamp&M.Costanzo(Eds.),GenderIssuesinContemporarySociety.NewburyPark,CA:Sage.173-196.Gurin,P.&Markus,H.(1989).Cognitiveconsequencesofgenderidentity.InSSkevington&D.Baker(Eds.),TheSocialIdentityofWomen.London:Sage.152-172.Hogg,M.(1987)