苏格拉底介绍

Group2:刘珊，汪菲，黄黎，段雅琪，许春晖，梁俊01020304目录Content背景苏格拉底的思想苏格拉底的影响（同代与现代）关于苏格拉底的轶事和名言苏格拉底与孔子的教育思想对比Background1.Agebackground2.Briefintroduction3.Socraticproblem时代背景公元前6世纪希腊化时代古希腊作为罗马帝国的一部分哲学政治伦理修辞玄学本体论生物美学古希腊哲学主要研究理性和探究的作用。它通过许多方式对现代哲学以及现代科学发挥着影响。从古希腊希腊哲学家，希腊哲学家，中世纪的穆斯林哲学家和伊斯兰科学家，到欧洲的文艺复兴与启蒙运动，再到现代的世俗科学，它都起到了一种清晰的不间断的影响。理性和探究都并非起源于希腊。对于文明理论家来说，定义希腊的知识探究和诸如古埃及、古巴比伦等更老文明探究之间的差别，很长一段时间以来是他们的研究话题。Briefintroduction•公元前469-公元前399年•雅典人士•古希腊著名的思想家、哲学家、教育家、公民陪审员。•他身为雅典的公民，据记载，苏格拉底最后被雅典法庭以侮辱雅典神、引进新神论和腐蚀雅典青年思想之罪名判处死刑。尽管苏格拉底曾获得逃亡的机会，但他仍选择饮下毒堇汁而死，因为他认为逃亡只会进一步破坏雅典法律的权威。柏拉图亚里士多德苏格拉底无论是生前还是死后，都有一大批狂热的崇拜者和一大批激烈的反对者。他一生没留下任何著作，他的行为和学说，主要是通过他的学生柏拉图和色诺芬著作中的记载流传下来。关于苏格拉底的生平和学说，由于从古代以来就有各种不同的记载和说法，一直是学术界讨论最多的一个问题。色诺芬Socraticproblem1.Socratesasafigure苏格拉底是柏拉图撰写的对话录中的主要角色。对话录中有多少是苏格拉底的原意、而又有多少是柏拉图自己的意见？由于苏格拉底自己从没有写下任何著作，这个研究的问题也经常被称为“苏格拉底问题”。另一个问题在于柏拉图究竟将苏格拉底虚构到了何种地步，阿里斯托芬也写下许多挖苦嘲讽苏格拉底的作品，两人对苏格拉底的记载往往有极大差异。2.Socratesasaphilosopher要研究苏格拉底的哲学信仰并不是一件简单的事：由于他完全没有留下半点自己的著作，我们只能从柏拉图和色诺芬的记载中加以探索，然而他们两人的记载又往往是互相矛盾的，因此对于何者的记载更接近真相一直是争论的话题。有些人认为苏格拉底其实没有任何特定的信仰，而是只会加以盘问每种信仰；柏拉图在《理想国》中发表的冗长理论其实是柏拉图自身的想法。要从记载中区分柏拉图和苏格拉底两人的概念相当的困难，同时要解释他们的概念又更为困难。也因此，要从柏拉图和色诺芬等人的记载中寻找苏格拉底的理念并不简单——必须留意这些理念很可能不是苏格拉底本人所提出的，而可能更接近于这些记载者自己的看法。InXenophon'sSymposium,Socratesisreportedassayinghedevoteshimselfonlytowhatheregardsasthemostimportantartoroccupation,thatofdiscussingphilosophy.However,inTheClouds,Aristophanes（阿里斯托芬）portraysSocratesasacceptingpaymentforteachingandrunningasophistschoolwithChaerephon（凯勒丰）.Also,inPlato'sApologyandSymposium,aswellasinXenophon'saccounts,Socratesexplicitlydeniesacceptingpaymentforteaching.Morespecifically,intheApology,Socratesciteshispovertyasproofthatheisnotateacher.Socrates'ThoughtsAllourinformationabouthimissecond-handandmostofitvigorouslydisputed,buthistrialanddeathatthehandsoftheAtheniandemocracyisneverthelessthefoundingmythoftheacademicdisciplineofphilosophy,andhisinfluencehasbeenfeltfarbeyondphilosophyitself,andineveryage.PhilosophicalBeliefsThebeliefsofSocrates,asdistinctfromthoseofPlato,aredifficulttodiscern.IfanythingingeneralcanbesaidaboutthephilosophicalbeliefsofSocrates,itisthathewasmorally,intellectually,andpoliticallyatoddswithmanyofhisfellowAthenians.♣Peopleneedtoemphasislogosanddenytheabsoluteauthority.♣Peopleshouldunderstandoneself.♣Virtueisknowledge.♣Thefreeofthoughtisimportant.SocraticWisdom※Wisdomspringsfromanawarenessofhisownignorance.(IonlyknowthatIknownothing)※Thebestwayforpeopletolivewastofocusnotonaccumulatingpossessions,butonself-development.※Dealsbelonginaworldthatonlythewisemancanunderstand,makingthephilosophertheonlytypeofpersonsuitabletogovernothers.Socrates’virtueSocratesbelievedthebestwayforpeopletolivewastofocusonthepursuitofvirtueratherthanthepursuit,forinstance,ofmaterialwealth.Healwaysinvitedotherstotrytoconcentratemoreonfriendshipsandasenseoftruecommunity.TheideathattherearecertainvirtuesformedacommonthreadinSocrates'teachings.Thesevirtuesrepresentedthemostimportantqualitiesforapersontohave,foremostofwhichwerethephilosophicalorintellectualvirtues.Socratesstressedthattheunexaminedlifeisnotworthlivingandethicalvirtueistheonlythingthatmatters.SocraticparadoxesManyofthebeliefstraditionallyattributedtothehistoricalSocrateshavebeencharacterizedasparadoxicalbecausetheyseemtoconflictwithcommonsense.Thefollowingareamongtheso-calledSocraticparadoxes:Noonedesiresevil.Nooneerrsordoeswrongwillinglyorknowingly.Virtue—allvirtue—isknowledge.Virtueissufficientforhappiness.ComparisonofEducationalThoughtsbetweenConfuciusandSocrates•Comparisononlivingbackground•Comparisononteachingaims•Comparisononteachingobjects•Comparisononteachingcontents•ComparisononteachingmethodsComparisononlivingbackgroundSocratesandConfuciusbothlivedintheperiodsofpoliticalandsocialchangesduringwhichtraditionalvaluesandpracticeswerebeingchallenged．ThoughSocrateslivedinademocraticsociety,Athenswasinaturningperiodfromprosperitytodownfallanddecay.SocratessoughttoenabletheGreekstoknowandthinkforthemselves.ConfuciuslivedintheendoftheSpringandAutumnWarringStateperiod.Atthattime,thelandwasinastateofdispute,decayandsawrapidchanges.Facingmoralturpitudeandbankruptcy,Confuciuswasfullofmelancholyandlookingforastableandagoodsociallubricant,whichis“ZhouLi”inhismindComparisononteachingaims•AsforSocrates,educationwasrequiredforsolvingtheproblemofsociety'smoralfailure．Everybodywasabletobroadenknowledge，processvirtue,increaseabilityandimprovemoralcharacterbyeducation.“Virtueisknowledge”isconsideredasoneofhismostfamouspropositions.Socratesdevotedhimselftoeducatingstudentstopursuethenatureofvirtueandhesublimatededucationuptothephilosophy．•Confucius'educationalaimwastocultivatetalentswhowerecapableofservingthegovernment．Heattemptedtodevelopjunziwhichmeans”gentleman”.ThefinaleducationalgoalofConfuciuswastobringuptalentsforthecountryandtobuildaidealsociety．Heemphasizedthesentimentandhumanenessbysublimatingtheeducationuptotheethics．Comparisononteachingobjects•Socratesbelievededucationcouldpromotepeople'slevelalthoughtheywerebornwithdistinctions.Socratesdevotedhimselftothe