Electric Vehicle, Hybrid vehicles---State of the a

0Elsevier,ParisElectric,hybridandfuelcellelectricvehiclesAnn.Chim.Sci.Mat,2001,26(4),pp.9-26ELECTRICVEHICLES,I3YBRIDELECI’RlCVEHICLESANDFUELCELLELECTRICVEHICLES:STATEOFTHEARTANDPERSPECTIVESGastonMAGGETTO,heriVANMIERL.0VrijeUniversiteitBrussel,TW-ETEC,Pleiniaan2,1050Brussel,Belgium.Abstract-Inurbanareas,duetotheirbeneficialeffectsontheenvironment,electricvehicles,hybridelectricvehiclesandfuelcellelectricvehiclesareanimportantfactorfortheimprovementoftrai%candmoreparticularlyforahealthierenvironment.Wearequiterapidlyreachingtheendofthecheapoilera.Thiscouldhappenaround2010andisnowadaysprobablyindicatedbythesteadilygmwingoilprice.Thereforetheneedforalternativeenergysourcesisgrowingandthecompetitivenessofalternativesagainstoilisbecomingmoreandmorerealistic.Electricvehicles,hybridelectricvehiclesandfix1cellelectricvehiclesareofferingthebestpossibilityfortheUseofnewenergysources,becauseelectricitycanresultfromatransformationwithhighefficiencyofthesesourcesandisalwaysusedwiththehighestpossibleefficiencyinsystemswithelectricdrivesorcomponents.Somebasicconsiderationsaboutthesituation,todayandinamidandlong-termperspective,arepresentedtogetherwiththeinfrastructuredevelopments.Resume-VdbiculesBlectriques,vChiculeahybridesBlectriquesetv&iculesgpile&combustible:lefutur.Dausletransporturbain,g&eAleureffetpositifsurl’environnement,lesvCbicules&ctriques,hybrideset?tpileAcombustibleconstituentunfacteurimportantd’amtYiorationdutraficetenparticulierdecr&ionbuncadre&vieplussain.Nousapprochonsassezrapidementdelafindel&edup&rolebonmarch&Ellepounaitseproduirevers2010etl’accroissementconstantdesprixp&roliersestuneindicationfortedanscesens.Parco&quent,lesbesoinsensourcesd’knergiealternativesaugmententetleurcompktitivitkfaceaupCtroledevientdeplusenplusr&liste.Lesv&hiculesClectriques,hybridesetBpileBcombustibleoffrentlameilleurepossibilitbd’utilisationdessourcesd%nergiealternativescarPBectricitipeutrksulterd’unetransformationBrendement6lev6decessourcesetesttoujoursutiliske.avecdesrendementstr&stlevf%damlessystemesBcomposants&ctriques.Cettecommunicationptisentequelquesconsid6rationsfondamentalessurlasituationactuelleetsursonkvolutiondmoyenetIlongtermeainsiquesurlesd6veloppementsenmat&ed’infiastructure.!bpr&&GastonMaggetb.VU&Tw-EW,PleinlaanZ&l050Brussel,Belgium.10G.Maggetto,J.VanMierlo1.STRUCTUREOFPUREELECTRICVEHICLESTheelectricdrivesystemconsists,inthesimplestcase,ofbattery(11,converter(21,motor(3),changeableorfixedgear(4)anddifferentialgear(5)(figureI)[l].Besidesthetorquesplittingwithassistanceofthedifferentialgear,atwo(orfour)motorpropulsion(3)isalsopossible(figure2)[2,3].Themotorsareplacedinthewheelhubs.Butinthiscase,eachmotorneedsaseparateconverter(2)withspeedandtorquecontrol,whichguaranteesthenecessarytorquesplittingineachcondition.Asuperposedslip-controlispossible.Theadvantageofawheelhubmotorizationreliesintheeasetorealiseafourwheeldrivesystembutmainlyforbusesinthedesignoflowfloorsolutions.Figure1.Onemotordriveforelectricvehicles.Figure2.Twoorfourmotordriveforelectricvehicles.2.STRUCTUREOFHYBRIDELECTRICVEHICLESANDFUELCELLELECTRlCVEHICLESTheimplementingrangeofanelectricvehiclecanbeextendedbyanadditionalenergytransformingsystem,i.e.aninternalcombustionmotor/generatorgrouporfuelcell.Forthesakeofsimplicitythevehiclewillbenamedhybridelectricvehicle(HEV)andfuelcellselectricvehicle(FCEV).Twomainstructuresaredefinedinhybridelectricvehicles:serieshybridandparallelhybrid.Electric,hybridandfuelcellelectricvehicles11Theserieshybridfigure3)isacombinationofenergysources.Thetractionisobtainedbyonlyonecentralelectricmotororbywheelhubmotors.Theon-boardtotalenergysourceresultsfkomthecombinationoftwoormoreenergysources.Henceadecouplingoftheoperationoftheenergysourcefromtherequiredtractionpowerispossible.Theratedpoweroftheengine-generatorgroupcanbedesignedonverydifferentwaysdependingontheapplicationscharacteristics.Thefuelcellhybridstructuredfigllre4)isaseriesstructureinwhichtheengine/generatorgroupisreplacedbyafuelcellsy~femproducingelectricenergystingfkomstoredhydrogenorfromafieltankfeedingareformertoproducehydrogen.Theexcessofelectricityproducedbythefuelcellcanbestoredinabuffkr’batteq.Whenthebatteryisleftoutonehasnolongerahybridvehiclebutafuelcellelectricvehicle.Theserieshybridconceptcanalsobechosenforatwomotorpropulsion,fourmotorormulti-motorpropulsioninthesamewayasforpureelectricvehicles.Figure3.Serieshybridvehicle.Figure4.Fuelcellhybridvehicle.Theparallelhybrid@we5)isacombinationoftractionsystems.Acombinationofelectricmachinesandinternalcombustionengine,beingpartoftwoormoredrive&&,performthetraction.Eachdriveshafthastobeassociatedwithanenergysource.Theparallelhybriddrivesrealiseapurelymechanicalpoweraddition.Clutchescandisconnecteachmotor.Thisway,itispossibletodriveonlywiththeelectricmotor,onlywiththeinternalcombustionengine,withbothmotorsorwiththeintemalcombustionenginedrivingonlytheelectricmachinetochargethebattery.Solutionswithcompletelydisconnectedmotorsdrivingeachoneaxlearecalleddualmodehybrids.12G.Maggetto,J.VanMierloAlltopologiesdifferen