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第一章微重力及其生物学效应4.微重力的生物学效应微重力的概念空间微重力条件微重力的模拟微重力对动植物生长的影响超重和失重站在静止或者做匀速直线运动的电梯里时,人受到重力和台称对人的支持力的关系有:0maGN由牛顿第三定律可知:GN以向上为正方向,当电梯具有向上的加速度时,即加速上升或者减速下降时:)0(0amaGNGN超重超重和失重以向上为正方向,当电梯具有向下的加速度时,即加速下降或者减速上升时:00amaGNGN失重依据牛顿第二定律可以判断超重和失重现象,当具有向上的加速度时,发生超重现象,具有向下的加速度时,发生失重现象。完全失重现象——物体对支持物的压力(或对悬挂物的拉力)为零,这种情况是失重现象中的极限。称为完全失重。当物体具有向上加速度时,物体处于超重状态,与运动方向无关。当物体具有向下加速度时,物体处于失重状态,与运动方向无关。当物体的加速度方向向下大小等于重力加速度g时,物体处于完全失重状态。超重与失重杨利伟太空失重实验微重力的概念搭载动物的航天器围绕地球转动时,理论上内部重力为零,但由于受到残余大气阻力、航天器自旋等因素影响,其内部表现为微重力环境,这是空间飞行独具的特点之一。空间微重力条件零重力是一种理想状态,由于地球形状的球形偏差和地球密度的各向不均匀性,轨道上残存大气给航天器施加轻微的曳力,太阳辐射压力,航天器姿态控制和轨道机动等操作活动必须启动相关的推力器,推力器点火引起的附加瞬时外力,航天员的活动使飞船内质量分布变化而引起的内力,仪器设备工作引起的振动等,使航天器舱内的重力不为零。由于不同航天器干扰力的影响各不相同,如轨道高度,载人与否等,微重力量级也不相同,一般为10-3~10-6g,即地球表面重力加速度的千分之一到百万分之一。InteractionsinNature-Gravitational-Electromagnetic-Strongsubmolecularforces-Weaksubmolecularforces重力是上述四个力中最弱的,但有一个大的作用范围InteractionsinNature-模仿微重力的条件,但不能模仿微重力的自身。(MicrogravityAnalogs)-Changingtheweightloading改变重力-Hypergravity超重-Freefallstrategies自由落体1gCellcultureMicrogravityCellCulture5Min30Min5hoursMicrogravityAnalogsFreeFall-Droptower-2-5secfreefallmodelParabolicFlight-20-25secfreefallmodel抛物线飞行SoundingRocket-freefallfor3-11min火箭CellBioreactor-freefallandrandomizedGmodelforcellsandcellculture细胞反应器MicrogravityAnalogsDropTower塔上自由落体5-60secondsofanalogmicrogravityDifficultformanycellbiologyexperimentsCheap!!!配备照相机AmenabletorepeatexperimentsMicrogravityAnalogs飞行器飞到45000英尺,俯冲,需要约22秒可进行20次•ParabolicFlight•20-25secondsofanalogmicrogravityinterspersedwithhyperG•TooshortofmGtimeformanycellbiologyexperiments•HyperGmayconfoundinterpretationofthedataMicrogravityAnalogs•Sub-OrbitalRockets低轨道飞行火箭•4-12minutesofanalogmicrogravity•Somecellbiologyexperiments(Cellmovement&signaltransduction)MicrogravityAnalogsMicrogravityAnalogsSuspensionStrategiesStirredBioreactorDisadvantagesImpactStress碰撞力MechanicalShear机械剪切力HydrodynamicShear水力剪切力AdvantagesMasstransfer物质运动‘Homogeneoussystem均一系统,搅拌充分SuspensionStrategiesIsopycnicSolution等密度溶液细胞密度与溶液密度相同DisadvantagesCellsareatrestPoormasstransferPoortissuemorphogenesisAdvantagesNosedimentation细胞不沉淀SuspensionStrategiesFluidizedBed液体摇床DisadvantagesVariableflowratesIncreasinghydrodynamicShearVeryunstableAdvantagesInvokesfreefall流动速率=细胞沉降速率Flowrate=SedimentationratePreventionofCellAttachment5Min30Min5HoursAnalogCulturesClinostaticRotation回转器CellsadherenttoasurfacearerotatedononeaxisRandomizedGAnalogCultureSolidBodyFluidRotation固体液体旋转BasisofoperationZeroheadspace无间隙FluidrotateswiththecylinderResultsinparticlesuspensionwithoutstirring无搅拌外层-塑料液体随圆柱体运动细胞悬浮NASARotatingBioreactor旋转生物反应器MicrogravityCellCultureAnalogSolidBodyFluidRotation固体液体旋转FluidrotateswiththecylinderCellsareinnearcontinuoussuspensionFluidshearisminimal(0.3dynes/cm2)Suspensionispossiblefortissueassemblies~0.5-1.0cmRCCS让细胞维持在连续的自由落体状态,同于宇宙空间.容器中充满培养基,细胞或组织材料,沿水平轴旋转,细胞在水平轴建立均质液体悬浮轨道,平均引力向量“0”,中和了大部分的重力效应,处于模拟微重力状态.通过容器内膜式氧合气进行气体代谢,清除气泡防止涡流产生.系统无推进器,搅拌器,使破坏性剪切力减至最小,利于3D培养.模拟微重力(10-2g)完善的3D培养,共培养高分化度组织Advantages-Suspensionwithminimalmechanicalshear-Lowhydrodynamicshear-Promotestissuemorphogenesis-Sufficientmasstransfertosupportcellmetabolismandgrowth-MaysharesomecharacteristicswithspaceflightcultureAdvantages-3-Dpropagationoftissue-Greaterfrequencyofsuccessfulco-culture-Mayfavordifferentiation-Modelssomeaspectsofcellfunctioninmicrogravity-Mayincreasetheabilitypropagateotherwise‘difficult’cells-ProductionofnovelbiomoleculesPropagationof‘Difficult’CellsScientistswillusethesecellstoinvestigatetheresponseofmammalstoenvironmentaltoxinsinmarineecosystems.Thesetoxinscanfindtheirwayintothefoodchainnotonlyaffectingfoodsourcesbutalsotheenduser,humans.抵抗重金属毒素的能力比其他哺乳动物强300-1000倍鲸组织不能连续培养ThetopphotoshowsthefirstcontinuousculturesofBowheadwhalekidneycellsgrowingonsphericalmicrocarriersfromtheNASAbioreactor.北极露脊鲸---微载体---NASAbioreactorThelowerphotoisamagnificationoftheindicatedareashowingtheuniquefeaturesofthetissuesfromthisspecies.Disadvantages-Difficulttoestablishanappropriatecontrol-Multipleeffectorsresponsibleforresults肿瘤学发育生物学组织工程学免疫学其它相关学科application固体液体旋转器与肿瘤学研究模型的体外构建病理形态学研究特异性抗原的表达信号传导毒理学研究applicationcoloncancer结肠癌媳肉样结构纤维原细胞组织学象腺体结构PotentialImpactofMicrogravityonCells-Shape-Signaltransduction-Celldivision-Geneexpression-DNAdamage-Orientationofsubcellularcomponents-Programmedcelldeath-Synthesisandorientationofmacromolecules-Cellularrepair-Cytokinesynthesisandsecretion细胞因子-Glycosylation糖基化-Biofilmformation微膜形成
本文标题:1.4微重力-1
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