Introductions1

I.MaterialsPreparingLCDmaterialsincludeITOGlass,Polarizer,Spacers,Seals,LCDFluid,andotherchemicalsolutions.(I)ITOGlasses1.ThemakeupofITOglass：Ca-Naglass（Bi-Siglass）motherglasscoatedwithSiO2(topreventtheNaexpandingintotheLCfluidinthecell,thickness:200~250Å（1Å=0.0001mm）)andthen,ITOlayer(thickness:250~2000Å).ThereasontocoatITO,namelyIndiumTinOxide,isbecausetheIndiumOxideishighlytransimissive,whiletheTinOxideishighlyconductive.2.CategoriesofITOGlasses(1)Dimensions:14*1414*1620*24BasicallyRIFDAuses14x16glasses.(2)SurfaceResistanceHighResistance:150~500ΩRegular:60~150ΩLowResistance:60ΩSTNproductsusuallyuselowresistancepolishedglass,andCOGproductsnormallyadopt15Ωpolishedglass.Thetransparencyofglass(∆n)isdifferentaswell.(3)Thickness1.1mm0.7mm0.55mm0.4mmNormallythe0.55and0.4mmglassesareusedinSTN/FSTN/CSTNapplications.Thethinnertheglassis,thehigheritscost.3.PrecautionsforhandlingandstoringITOglassesTheITOlayercaneasilyabsorbthewaterintheair,andthuscausemoistchange.Therefore,don’texposetheITOglasstothehumidityforalongtime.Putintheactivatedpositivelychargedionic活性正介离子solvent，ITOcaneasilyhaveionexchange(离子置换)reactions,andgeneratelessconductiveandtransmissivesubstances.Therefore,donotsaturateitintotheactivatedpositivelychargedionic(活性正介离子)solventforalongtime.ITOisconsistedoflotsoftinysubstances,whichcandissociate(裂变)becauseofriseoftemperature.Thatwouldincreasethecrystaledge晶界andthereforeincreasetheITOresistance.Thisiswhythedisplayeffectswouldbeaffectedbythetemperature.(II)PolarizerDifferentfunctionsofpolarizer:UV-resistant、Glitter-resistant、Hardmembrane、reflection-resistant、hightransmissivefilm偏光片性能偏振度：普通偏光片的偏光效率要85%，彩色片的偏光效率相对较低，一般在80%以下。目前最好的偏振片偏振度可达99%以上透过率：实际偏光片的透光率值都略低于50%。色相：指偏光片颜色所对应的色坐标值有效厚度：偏光板的总厚度，包括基板厚度，胶厚度及保护膜厚度。StoringandHandlingofpolarizerThestorageconditionofpolarizeris:temperature-20℃±15℃、humidity-65%±20%RH，farawayfromprogeny。Becarefortheusageofpolarizer,avoidingrubbing,bendingandstriking。Thesurfaceofpolarizershouldbeclean,donottouchthesurface,andprotectfromsmudginess(withoutprotectingcoat）。CarefullypeelofftheprotectivefilmbeforeassemblingtheLCD.ProtectivefilmTACcoatPVAcoatTACcoatPressureinducingcoatProtectingcoatbeforepasting(III)LCFluid液晶分类1.物理条件分：热致液晶、溶致液晶2.Accordingtostructure,therearefourcategoriesofLiquidCrystalFluids:Neumatic,Cholesteric、Smectic、Disk液晶的主要技术参数：*相变温度特性：熔点至清亮点之间的温度区间*粘度：响应时间*介电各向异性∆ع：阈值电压和响应速度*光学各向异性∆n：Δn•d≧λ/2Δn小则视角大*弹性常数：陡度*液晶电阻率：液晶纯度*扭曲能力LiquidFluidisverysensitivetothehumidityandluminance,thereforeitshouldbestoredinwherethereisfacilitatedwithdehydratingsystemandbluelighting.(IV)OtherMaterials光刻胶、PI材料、钝化膜、黑膜、紫外硬化性树脂（封边胶、封口胶、封PIN胶）、导电胶（丝印用、上PIN用）、玻璃纤维、垫片、金粉、镍粉、全息膜、匀光片、金属引线DISKCHOLESTERICSMECTICNEMATICLCD上游材料日本厂商材料项目厂商日本占有率玻璃基板日本康宁(Corning)、旭硝子(AGC)、日本电器硝子(NEG)、NHT、日本板硝子及中央硝子65%彩色滤光片凸版印刷、大日本印刷、东丽、STI、ACTI、Micro、Canon、LCD大厂80%驱动ICSharp、Seiko-Epson、日本TI、NEC、Toshiba、日立85%背光板Stanley、茶谷产业、日本Denso、富士通化成、Enplas、多摩电气88%偏光板日东电工、住友化学、三立、Polatechno97%II.ManufacturingofITOglass(I)SurfaceandPIhandling1.Cleaning&Curing1)Cleanwithalkalinecleaner(碱性清洗液)andsupersonicdisposal2)CleanwithDI(De-ionize去离子)water3)Supersonic+spraying/showingclean4)Dehydratedwithwindblade5)Dehydratedwithcuring6)UVcuretogetridofbacteriaCleaningPRcoatingCuringExposuredevelopingCuringEtchStriping2.PRCoatingPR(photo-resistant)glueswillbecoatedontothecleansurfaceoftheITOglass.Weusetherollingtubestoevenlyapplytheglue,whichisalreadymissedwithdilutionsolvents.Thereare2kindsofPRglues,positiveandnegative.Negativegluescanbedissolvedinsomeoxidesolvents,suchasacetone(丙酮),ether(乙醚),diethylether(环乙醚);butwouldnotbedissolvedinthealkaline(碱性)solvents.Whenexposed,itthenwouldhavephoto-synthesisreactions(光聚作用),whichwouldmakeitnotdissolventinthoseoxidesolvent,butdissolventinthealkalinesolvents.Duringtheetchingprocess,thelayersofglueswouldhaveanimageexactlyreversetothatoftheetchingmodel.ThisiswhyitiscalledNegative.Viseversaispositiveglues.2characteristicswouldbecriticalhere:(1)Distinctivenessrate:Itsymbolizestheaccuracyofetching.IfthepitchwideisW,thentheDistinctivenessratiois1/W;forexample,ifW=0.5um,theD/R=2000lines/mm.(2)SensitizationRate:IsindicatesthesensitivenessofthePRgluetothelights.ThehighertheS/Ris,theshortertheexposuretimewillbe.3.PRCurveBasicallyitsfunctionsaretoevaporatethedilutionsintheglue,andtoenhancetheadhesivenessofthegluetothesurfaceofglass.4.ExposureCoveredwithexposurecoveringplate,theITOglasscoatedwithPRgluewouldbeplacedundertheUVlightstoselectivelyexposethePRglue.Thosepartsofexposedglueswouldthusbecomenotdissolvablebyoxidesolvents;whilethosewhicharenotexposedwouldstillbedissolvable.TheexposureplateisdesignedbytheDesigningDept.,inaccordancewithcustomer’srequirements.NormallytheexposuretimingforTNglassis1~2seconds,whilethatforSTNisatleast5second.5.DevelopmentUsedevelopingsolvent(whichhas4%base碱)totakeoffthoseexposedpartsofPI,andreservethoseunexposedparts.ItwouldprotecttheITOduringetchingprocess.*ThereisanotherstepcalledTopCoating,whichwouldapplytheSiO2ontothesurfaceofITOglass,afterthedevelopedprocess.It