天文学英文版PPT资料 (10)

UniverseEighthEditionRogerA.Freedman•WilliamJ.KaufmannIIICHAPTER9TheLivingEarthHW–ReadChapter10,11OnlineQuizzesforChapters9,10,and11dueMonday10/18Exam2–ScheduledforMonday10/25(willcoverChapters7-15)TheEarthshowsverylittleevidenceofmeteorimpactsbecauseA.platetectonicsiscontinuouslyrecyclingtheEarth’scrust.B.windandrainhavecontinuallyerodedtheEarth’ssurface.C.veryfewmeteorsstrucktheEarthinthepast.D.vegetationhascoveredthecraters.E.BothAandBarecorrect.Q9.11TheEarthshowsverylittleevidenceofmeteorimpactsbecauseA.platetectonicsiscontinuouslyrecyclingtheEarth’scrust.B.windandrainhavecontinuallyerodedtheEarth’ssurface.C.veryfewmeteorsstrucktheEarthinthepast.D.vegetationhascoveredthecraters.E.BothAandBarecorrect.A9.11Inthegreenhouseeffect,A.someinfraredradiationemittedbytheEarth’ssurfaceisabsorbedbytheatmosphere.B.someultravioletradiationemittedbytheEarth’ssurfaceisabsorbedbytheatmosphere.C.vegetationtrapsthermalenergynearthesurface.D.infraredradiationfromtheSuniscapturedasitenterstheEarth’satmosphere.E.infraredradiationfromtheSunisreflectedbytheEarth’satmosphereintospace.Q9.4Inthegreenhouseeffect,A.someinfraredradiationemittedbytheEarth’ssurfaceisabsorbedbytheatmosphere.B.someultravioletradiationemittedbytheEarth’ssurfaceisabsorbedbytheatmosphere.C.vegetationtrapsthermalenergynearthesurface.D.infraredradiationfromtheSuniscapturedasitenterstheEarth’satmosphere.E.infraredradiationfromtheSunisreflectedbytheEarth’satmosphereintospace.A9.4WhichofthefollowingisacorrectstatementaboutseismicwavesusedtomaptheEarth’sinteriorstructure?A.Pwavesarelongitudinalandareabletotravelthroughsolidsandliquids;Swavesaretransverseandcanonlytravelthroughliquids.B.Pwavesaretransverseandareabletotravelthroughsolidsandliquids;Swavesarelongitudinalandcanonlytravelthroughliquids.C.Pwavesaretransverseandareabletotravelthroughsolidsandliquids;Swavesarelongitudinalandcanonlytravelthroughsolids.D.Pwavesarelongitudinalandareabletotravelthroughsolidsandliquids;Swavesaretransverseandcanonlytravelthroughsolids.Q9.7WhichofthefollowingisacorrectstatementaboutseismicwavesusedtomaptheEarth’sinteriorstructure?A.Pwavesarelongitudinalandareabletotravelthroughsolidsandliquids;Swavesaretransverseandcanonlytravelthroughliquids.B.Pwavesaretransverseandareabletotravelthroughsolidsandliquids;Swavesarelongitudinalandcanonlytravelthroughliquids.C.Pwavesaretransverseandareabletotravelthroughsolidsandliquids;Swavesarelongitudinalandcanonlytravelthroughsolids.D.Pwavesarelongitudinalandareabletotravelthroughsolidsandliquids;Swavesaretransverseandcanonlytravelthroughsolids.A9.7TheEarth’smagneticfieldisgeneratedbyA.electriccurrentsintheliquidoutercore;thefieldhasneverchangeddirection.B.electriccurrentsintheliquidinnercore;thefieldhasneverchangeddirection.C.electriccurrentsintheliquidoutercore;thefieldhasreversedmanytimesinthepast.D.electriccurrentsintheliquidinnercore;thefieldhasreversedmanytimesinthepast.E.electriccurrentscausedbyinteractionswiththesolarwind.Q9.8TheEarth’smagneticfieldisgeneratedbyA.electriccurrentsintheliquidoutercore;thefieldhasneverchangeddirection.B.electriccurrentsintheliquidinnercore;thefieldhasneverchangeddirection.C.electriccurrentsintheliquidoutercore;thefieldhasreversedmanytimesinthepast.D.electriccurrentsintheliquidinnercore;thefieldhasreversedmanytimesinthepast.E.electriccurrentscausedbyinteractionswiththesolarwind.A9.8Theoxygeninouratmosphereischemicallyreactive,combiningwithotherelementstoformcompounds,andisalsobeingusedbyrespiratorylife.Despitethis,theamountofoxygeninouratmosphereisnotdecreasingbecauseitisbeingreplenishedbyA.outgassingfromseawater.B.volcaniceruptions.C.biologicalactivity,suchasphotosynthesis.D.meteorsandcomets,whichbringoxygentotheEarth.E.solarradiationbreakingdownCO2.Q9.14Theoxygeninouratmosphereischemicallyreactive,combiningwithotherelementstoformcompounds,andisalsobeingusedbyrespiratorylife.Despitethis,theamountofoxygeninouratmosphereisnotdecreasingbecauseitisbeingreplenishedbyA.outgassingfromseawater.B.volcaniceruptions.C.biologicalactivity,suchasphotosynthesis.D.meteorsandcomets,whichbringoxygentotheEarth.E.solarradiationbreakingdownCO2.A9.14KeyIdeasTheEarth’sEnergySources:AllactivityintheEarth’satmosphere,oceans,andsurfaceispoweredbythreesourcesofenergy.Solarenergyistheenergysourcefortheatmosphere.Inthegreenhouseeffect,someofthisenergyistrappedbyinfraredabsorbinggasesintheatmosphere,raisingtheEarth’ssurfacetemperature.TidalforcesfromtheMoonandSunhelptopowerthemotionoftheoceans.TheinternalheatoftheEarthistheenergysourceforgeologicactivity.KeyIdeasTheEarth’sInterior:Studiesofseismicwaves(vibrationsproducedbyearthquakes)showthattheEarthhasasmall,solidinnercoresurroundedbyaliquidoutercore.Theoutercoreissurroundedbythedensemantle,whichinturnissurroundedbythethinlow-densitycrust.SeismologistsdeducetheEarth’sinteriorstructurebystudyinghowlongitudinalPwavesandtransverseSwavestravelthroughtheEarth’sinterior.TheEarth’sinnerandoutercoresarecomposedofalmostpureironwithsomenickelmixedin.Themantleiscomposedofironrichminerals