2018年上海交通大学博士入学考试英语回忆版附答案

2018年上海交通大学博士入学考试英语（回忆版：附阅读答案）其大作文题目为：大学是硬件重要还是有名学者重要？作文涉及内容为：Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Universitiesshouldspendmoremoneyinimprovingfacilities(e.g.librariesandcomputerlabs)thanhiringfamousteachers.作文字数要求为：300字左右。passage6MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itcatalyzedphysicalexpansion，itsortedoutpeopleandlanduses，anditacceleratedtheinherentinstabilityofurbanlife.Byopeningvastareasofunoccupiedlandforresidentialexpansion，theomnibuses，horserailways，commutertrains，andelectrictrolleyspulledsettledregionsoutwardtwotofourtimesmoredistantformcitycentersthantheywereinthepremodernera.In1850，forexample，thebordersofBostonlayscarcelytwomilesfromtheoldbusinessdistrict;bytheturnofthecenturytheradiusextendedtenmiles.Nowthosewhocouldafforditcouldlivefarremovedfromtheoldcitycenterandstillcommutethereforwork，shopping，andentertainment.Thenewaccessibilityoflandaroundtheperipheryofalmosteverymajorcitysparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledwhatwenowknowasurbansprawl.Between1890and1920，forexample，some250，000newresidentiallotswererecordedwithinthebordersofChicago，mostofthemlocatedinoutlyingareas.Overthesameperiod，another550，000wereplottedoutsidethecitylimitsbutwithinthemetropolitanarea.Anxioustotakeadvantageofthepossibilitiesofcommuting，realestatedevelopersadded800，000potentialbuildingsitestotheChicagoregioninjustthirtyyears–lotsthatcouldhavehousedfivetosixmillionpeople.Ofcourse，manywereneveroccupied;therewasalwaysahugesurplusofsubdivided，butvacant，landaroundChicagoandothercities.Theseexcessesunderscoreafeatureofresidentialexpansionrelatedtothegrowthofmasstransportation：urbansprawlwasessentiallyunplanned.Itwascarriedoutbythousandsofsmallinvestorswhopaidlittleheedtocoordinatedlanduseortofuturelandusers.Thosewhopurchasedandpreparedlandforresidentialpurposes，particularlylandnearoroutsidecityborderswheretransitlinesandmiddle-classinhabitantswereanticipated，didsotocreatedemandasmuchastorespondtoit.Chicagoisaprimeexampleofthisprocess.Realestatesubdivisionthereproceededmuchfasterthanpopulationgrowth.1.Withwhichofthefollowingsubjectsisthepassagemainlyconcerned?[A]Typesofmasstransportation.[B]Instabilityofurbanlife.[C]Howsupplyanddemanddeterminelanduse.[D]Theeffectofmasstransportationonurbanexpansion.2.WhydoestheauthormentionbothBostonandChicago?[A]Todemonstratepositiveandnegativeeffectsofgrowth.[B]Toexemplifycitieswithandwithoutmasstransportation.[C]Toshowmasstransportationchangedmanycities.[D]Tocontrasttheirrateofgrowth.3.Accordingtothepassage，whatwasonedisadvantageofresidentialexpansion?[A]Itwasexpensive.[B]Ithappenedtooslowly.[C]Itwasunplanned.[D]Itcreatedademandforpublictransportation.4.TheauthormentionsChicagointhesecondparagraphasanexampleofacity，[A]thatislarge.[B]thatisusedasamodelforlanddevelopment.[C]wherethedevelopmentoflandexceededpopulationgrowth.[D]withanexcellentmasstransportationsystem.Passage5AntarcticaandEnvironmentAntarcticahasactuallybecomeakindofspacestation-auniqueobservationpostfordetectingimportantchangesintheworld’senvironment.Remotefrommajorsourcesofpollutionandthecomplexgeologicalandecologicalsystemsthatprevailelsewhere，Antarcticamakespossiblescientificmeasurementsthatareoftensharperandeasiertointerpretthanthosemadeinotherpartsoftheworld.GrowingnumbersofscientiststhereforeseeAntarcticaasadistant-early-warningsensor，wherepotentiallydangerousglobaltrendsmaybespottedbeforetheyshowuptothenorth.Onepromisingfieldofinvestigationisglaciology.ScholarsfromtheUnitedStates，Switzerland，andFrancearepursuingsevenseparatebutrelatedprojectsthatreflecttheirconcernforthehealthoftheWestAntarcticIceSheet-aconcerntheybelievetheworldatlargeshouldshare.TheTransantarcticMountain，someofthemmorethan14，000feethigh，dividethecontinentintotwoverydifferentregions.Thepartofthecontinenttothe“east”ofthemountainsisahighplateaucoveredbyanicesheetnearlytwomilesthick.“West”ofthemountain，thehalfofthecontinentsouthoftheAmericasisalsocoveredbyanicesheet，buttheretheicerestsonrockthatismostlywellbelowsealevel.IftheWestAntarcticIceSheetdisappeared，thewesternpartofthecontinentwouldbereducedtoasparseclusterofisland.Whileiceandsnowareobviouslycentraltomanyenvironmentalexperiments，othersfocusonthemysterious“dryvalley”ofAntarctica，valleysthatcontainlittleiceorsnoweveninthedepthsofwinter.SlashedthroughthemountainsofsouthernVictoriaLand，thesevalleysonceheldenormousglaciersthatdescended9，000feetfromthepolarplateautotheRossSea.Nowtheglaciersaregone，perhapsacasualtyoftheglobalwarmingtrendduringthe10，000yearssincetheiceage.Eventhesnowthatfallsinthedryvalleysisblastedoutbyviciouswindsthatroarsdownfromthepolarplateautothesea.Leftbarearespectaculargorges，rippledfieldsofsanddunes，clustersofboulderssculpturedintofantasticshapesby100-mile-an-hourwinds，andanauraofextraterrestrialdesolation.Despitetheunearthlyaspectofthedryvalleys，somescientistsbelievetheymaycarryamessageofhopeoftheverdantpartsoftheearth.Somescientistsbelievethatinsomecasesthedryvalleysmaysoakuppollutantsfasterthanpollutantsent