语用学第三章

IndirectSpeechAct1.Revision:SpeechActClassification2.IndirectSpeechAct3.UseofIndirectnessSpeechActs1.locutionaryact言内行为2.illocutionaryact言外行为3.Perlocutionaryact言后行为1.Locutionaryactthebasicactofutterance,orproducingameaningfullinguisticexpressionEg.I’vejustmadesomecoffee.2.Illocutionaryactanactperformedviathecommunicativeforceofanutterance,suchastomakeastatement,anoffer,anexplanation,orforsomeothercommunicativepurpose(knownasillocutionaryforce)3.Perlocutionaryactsth.utteredontheassumptionthatthehearerwillrecognizetheeffectthespeakerintended(forexample,toaccountforawonderfulsmell,ortogetthehearertodrinksomecoffee)AccordingtoSearleGeneralfunctionsPerformedbySpeechactsDirectandindirectspeechactsDirectSpeechact:whenthereisadirectrelationshipbetweenastructureandafunction,wehaveadirectspeechact.(Yule1996:55)Ibegyounottostayhereforalongtime.DirectspeechactInthisexample,boththestructure(literalmeaning)andthefunctionofthesentenceareexpressingarequest.So,itisadirectspeechact.Andtheverb“beg”iscalledaperformativeverb.CharacteristicsofDSASubject:thefirstpersonandsingularnumberTense:thesimplepresentToadd“hereby”beforetheverbs:inexample1wecansaylike:Iherebybegyounottostayhereforalongtime.IndirectspeechactA.Whenthereisanindirectrelationshipbetweenastructureandafunction,wehaveanindirectspeechact.(Yule1996:55)IndirectspeechactB.Insuchcasesasentencethatcontainstheillocutionaryforceindicatorsforonekindofillocutionaryactcanbeutteredtoperform,inaddition,anothertypeofillocutionaryact.(Searle1975b:168)一种以言行事通过另一种以言行事的表达方式间接表达。AnexampleCouldyoupassmethesalt?Thesurfaceformofthisutteranceisaninterrogativeone,butisnottypicallyusedtoaskaquestion.Infact,thespeakerdoesnotwanttoaskwhetherthehearerhavetheabilitytopassthesalt,whileexpressinghisintentionwhichisarequest.AnexampleSentencelikethatisindirectspeechact(Searle,1975)此句的施为用意是“请求”，而“请求”的言语行为是间接地通过“询问”这一言语行为来完成的。“请求”primaryillocutionaryact(首要言外行为)“询问”secondaryillocutionaryact(次要言外行为)AnotherexampleA:Let’sgotothecinematonight.B:IhavetostudyforanexamIntheaboveexample,speakerAobviouslyinvitesBtogotomovie,thatis,Adoesaspeechactofaninvitation.However,speakerBdoesnotanswerAdirectly,hejusttellsBafactthathehastostudyforanexam.AnotherexampleAlthoughwhatBsaidislikeastatement,yetherefusesAindirectly.ThenwethinkBdoesanindirectspeechactwhichisrefusal.ThesecondaryillocutionaryactofBisastatement,andtheprimaryillocutionaryactofBisarefusal.ThetypesofISA1.Conventionalindirectspeechact规约性间接言语行为2.Non-conventionalindirectspeechact非规约性间接言语行为ConventionalindirectspeechactThisreferstotherelationbetweenlinguisticformandliteralmeaning,whichisarbitrary,amatterofknowledgeoflanguage.Couldyoupassthesalt?请安静一会儿好吗？ExplanationoftheexampleThesetwoutterancesareregardedasacertainspeechactowingtotheconventionalityofthesocietyandculture,andacceptedbypeople.通过社会或文化的规约，某些言语行为已固化为另一种言语行为，某些语言结构上的特征可以帮助人们判断这一类间接言语行为。ExplanationoftheexampleItmeansthatthetwoutterancesarenolongerexpressingtheirliteralmeaning“inquiry”,theyareunderstooddirectlyasakindof“request”.不重视字面意义“询问”，直接理解为“请求”。Non-conventionalindirectspeechactThisismuchmoreflexiblethantheconventionalindirectspeechact,thehearerscannotinferthespeakers’meaningfromthelinguisticformsmainlydependonthemutualknowledgeamongspeakersandhearersandthecontexts.A:Wouldyouliketohavetea?B:Teawouldmakemeawake(happenedinahotelorrestaurant)A:晚上打扑克吧。B:女朋友要来(happenedinapartyorafterwork)ExplanationBdoesanindirectspeechactwhichisarefusalrespectivelyintwoexamples.However,AcannotindirectlyunderstandwhatBwantstoexpressfromthesurfaceoftheutterance.Hemustconsiderthecontextinwhichtheconversationshappened.Noticethesamenon-conventionalISAindifferentcontextsmaybehavedifferentillocutionaryfunctionorexpressdifferentpragmaticmeaning.Therubbishbinisfull.Thissentencecanhavedifferentillocutionaryforceindifferentcontexts.Forexample1)Theaddresseeshouldputitoutdoors.(ISAofsuggestion)2)Theaddresseeshouldchangeit(ISAofadvice)3)Whynotchangeit?(ISAofblame)4)Igooutforthrowingitaway.(ISAofremind)Summary1.Thereisnoone-to-onerelationbetweenthestructureandtheillocutionaryforceofasentence.2.Thesamestructureofasentencecanhavemanyillocutionaryforces(Example1),3.thesameillocutionaryforcecanbeexpressedbydifferentsentences.(Example2),becausedifferentcontextdefinesthedifferentmeaning.LookattheexamplesExample1It’sweekendtoday.a.Theshoppingtimeiscoming.(ISAofadvice)b.Iwanttoberelaxed.(ISAofrequest)c.Wehadbettervisitourparents.(ISAofadvice)Example2a.Willyoupleaseturnonthelight?b.Whydon’tyouturnonthelight？aandbhavethesameforce,thatisarequesttohearerstoturnonthelight.UseofIndirectspeechacts1.TheuniversalityofindirectnessPeopletendtoexpresstheirideasindirectlyratherthandirectly.Examplesfromanylanguagearemany:Examples（1）A:明天下午一块去看场电影怎么样?B:明天下午电视直播中韩足球赛,你不看吗?（2）我看你别去问他了,他能把车借给你,除非太阳从西边出来.Examples(3)(Astudentarrivingatthedean’sofficeat5minutesbefore10foranappointmentscheduledatten)Dean:Ithoughtwehadanappointmentat10.(4)Mum:Tommy,thedoorisopen.Tommy:Yes,itis.UseofIndirectspeecha