“英语词汇学”课件7-10章

Meaningchangesindifferentways.1)Extension延伸themeaningchangesfromspecific针对togeneralized广义上oneorcoverabroaderconcept包含广括的概念thing-审判大会、政治会议anythingChapter7ChangesinWordMeaning词义的变化2)Specialization/narrowing(缩小）Originally,theymean:最初的意思•Garagen.车库；汽车修理厂；飞机库vt.把……送入车库-安全的地方•poison-vt.污染；使中毒，放毒于；败坏；阻碍vi.放毒，下毒n.毒药，毒物；酒；有毒害的事物；[助剂]抑制剂adj.有毒的饮料hospital-n.医院休息娱乐场所3)Elevation（升格）a.贬义/中性义--褒义（或高级别）Marshall--马夫-元帅•Executiveadj.行政的；经营的；执行的，经营管理的n.经理；执行委员会；执行者；经理主管人员一般执行者-行政官员4)Degradation（降格）中性/褒义贬义•Cunningadj.狡猾的；巧妙的；可爱的n.狡猾有学问的--狡猾的Sly-adj.狡猾的；淘气的；诡密的熟练的-偷偷摸摸的；狡猾的•5.Transference(transfer)ofMeaning转化的意思•Awordusedtodesignate指定onething,butlateritbegantomeansomethingelse•Paperpapyrus(纸莎草)-纸•mainly:大体上•(1)AssociatedTransfer关联转化•tooth,n.牙齿vt.给……装齿vi.啮合lip,n.嘴唇；边缘vt.以嘴唇碰adj.口头上的•vi.用嘴唇nosen.鼻子；嗅觉；突出的部分；探问vt.嗅；用鼻子触vi.小心探索着前进；探问canusedtorefertothings:•thelipofawound,唇上的伤口,•thenoseofaplane鼻子的一架飞机•(2)Transferbetweenabstract抽象andConcrete具体Meanings•Room-space-房间(concrete具体)•Grasp抓-understand理解(abstract抽象)(3)TransferbetweenSubjective主观andObjective客观things•Dreadfuladj.可怕的；糟透的，令人不快的somethng/sbfullofdreadsomething/sbthatcausesdread•Pitifuladj.可怜的，令人同情的•(4)synesthesia共感觉(感官词之间)•sweetmusic美妙的音乐,warmcolors暖色；警戒色,clearsounding清澈的嗓音•6.Euphemism委婉语•Toiletn.厕所，盥洗室；梳妆，打扮vi.梳妆，打扮vt.给…梳妆打扮表示：Restroom,bathroom,John,convenience,washroom,comfortroom,powderroom化妆室；盥洗室,lady’s,gentleman’s,…•Dievi.死亡；凋零；熄灭vt.死，死于…n.冲模，钢模；骰子Causesofchange:变化的原因1)extra-linguistic外来语factorssuchashistorical历史的reason(pen),classreason(revolution革命,communism共产主义.humanrights人权)andpsychologicalreason心理上的原因(garbagecollector清洁工sanitationengineer环境卫生工程师环卫师；清洁工程师（委婉语）)2)Linguisticfactors语言要素(1)Internalfactorscausethechange内部因素•goldmedal-金牌；金质奖章gold;n.金，黄金；金色；金币adj.金的，金制的；金色的•lightbulb，电灯泡bulbn.电灯泡；鳞茎；球状物vi.生球茎；膨胀成球状(2)Influenceofalienwords外来语的影响Deer鹿referstoanimal,but“animal”fromLatinwaslaterintroducedintoEnglish,sothemeaningofdeerwasnarrowed狭隘的.•(3)analogyn.类比；类推；类似•Fruition-享用,享受-结果(fruit，水果；物vi.结果实vt.使……结果实),实现Chapter8MeaningandContext意义和上下文•Themeaningofawordisoftendecidedbywhereitisused,eitherinaspokenorwrittendiscourse演说.-context•Meaninglivesincontexttypes类型•TypesofContext:Linguisticcontext语言语境；语言的前后关系,extra(non)-linguisticcontext•Linguisticcontextmaybedividedinto2:•lexicalcontext词汇内容andgrammatical语法context.•Apieceofpaper一张纸,atermpaper学期报告,today’spaper今天的报纸,examinationpaper考试卷,etc.•Whatcontextdoyouthinktheabovebelongto?•doone’steeth;dotheflowers;dofish;dowell(atschool)•Lootatthefollowingsentenceswith“become”,whichcontextaretheyrelatedtotounderstanditsmeaning?•Hebecameveryexcitedaboutthefinalexam.(linkverb)最后的考试他感到很兴奋。•Thecoatdoesn’tbecomeyouatall.(transitiveverb)那衣服一点也不适合你。•Sometimesthemeaningofawordcanbedecided决定onlyafteraparagraph,achapter章orevenabookisread.Forexample,•“Janet!Donkeys!”珍妮特，真傻。Extra-linguisticContext•Culture文化,situation情况,cognition认知3basicelements3个基本原理•Johnisquick(quick-minded;fast,hot-temperedadj.暴躁的；性急的；易怒的…..)•Lookout!注意，小心！•Tradeunion工会:strongpoliticalmeaningintheWest•Aggressive：adj.侵略性的；好斗的；有进取心的；有闯劲的•Lover：n.爱人，恋人；爱好者TheroleofContext•1)getridofambiguity摆脱模棱两可的话•Theballn.球；舞会vi.成团块vt.捏成球形wasveryattractive吸引人.•Tomrantherace.汤姆跑。•Theysawherduck.n.鸭子；鸭肉；（英）宝贝儿；零分•vi.闪避；没入水中vt.躲避；猛按…入水Noun?Verb?2)helpdefinereferents•This/that,now/then,etc.•3)provideclues线索forinferringword-meaning根据线索推断单词的意思•example:如•Kinesics,n.人体动作学；举止神态学thestudyofbodymovement,wassuggestedbyProfessorBird-whistell（人名）.Chapter9EnglishIdioms习语•Expressionsthatarenotreadily容易understandablefromtheliteralmeanings字面意思ofindividualelements单个元素.(setphrases短语andsortsentences短句)•Inabroadsense广义上讲,theycanincludecolloquialisms白话,slang俚语expressions表达式,proverbs箴言,etc.Characteristics:特征，特点(1)SemanticUnity语义上的统一1)raincatsanddogs下倾盆大雨;It’sapieceofcake轻松的事.Howdoyoudo!你好(2)StructuralStability结构稳定性lipservice空口的应酬话，口头上说得好听的话outofthequestion不可能；不知底细；根本谈不上Godblessyou!上帝保佑你Classificationofidioms习语上的分类•Manyways.Inthisbook,grammatical文法的function作用isthecriterion准则•1.Idiomsnominal名义上的innature--functionsasanoun作为名词使用•Awhiteelephant无用的累赘东西；沉重的负担,Jackofalltrades杂而不精的人；能做各种事情的人•braintrust(智囊团)•2.Idiomsadjectivalinnature作形容词使用•aspoorasachurchmouse像教堂里的耗子那么穷，一贫如洗,•cutanddried固定的；已成定局的；老生常谈(常规的、例行的)•beyondthepale在…范围之外（发疯的）•3.idiomsverbalinnature做动词•lookinto…观察；窥视；浏览•getawaywith…侥幸成功，侥幸逃脱•makeit（病痛等）好转；达到预定目标；及时抵达；走完路程•fallflat失败；达不到预想效果•letthedogseetherabbit让狗看到兔子•4.Idiomsadverbialinnature做副词•heartandsoul全心全意地•innothingflat（inaverylittletime)立刻；在极短的时间内•throughthickandthin不畏艰险；在任何情况下•toothandnail(竭尽全力）如何区分一般短语和习语？Canyoutellus?1.可否从字面意义确定意义2.已有知识5)sententialidioms习语句子•Nothingsucceedslikesuccess.一顺百顺，一事成功万事成，一事成功什么都顺利，一事如意Feedacoldandstarveafever.伤风时宜吃,发热时宜饿。Nothingventure,nothinghave.不入虎穴,焉得虎子。Helaughsbestwholaughslast.谁笑在最后,谁笑得最好Abirdinthehandisworthtwointhebush.……一鸟在手，胜过两鸟在林，双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。UseofIdioms成语的应用•Wehavetoknowsomecharacteristicsofidiomstousethempeoperlyinrealcommunication.•1.stylisticfeatures格式上的特点•formal,informal(colloquial白话的，通俗的)正式，非正式•1)colloquialisms口语•HanginTom!(Donotgiveup)[口语](面对逆境)坚持