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DiseasesOfUrinarySystemYinHongling泌尿系统疾病Case1Mr.Li,male,33yearsold.Hediscoveredhisurineisred(hematuria)whenpissing3daysago.Whatdiseaseishesufferingfrom?DiseaseofUrinarysystem?Inflammatorydisease?(nephritis、pyelonephritis、cystitis)?Neoplasm?(renalcarcinoma?、cancerofbladder)?calculus?tuberculosis?otherdiseases?Contents:•Glomerulonephritis;GN•Pyelonephritis•TumorofkidneyandbladderReviewNephronGlomerulusGlomus●Filteringmembrane●MesangiumBowman'scapsuleRenaltubuleGrossthecrosssectionofthekidneyAnatomyrenaltubuleglomusBowman'scapsuleMesangium:Mesangialcell&MesangialmatrixtherelationshipofthecapillaryloopstothemesangiumMesangium:Mesangialcell&MesangialmatrixFilteringmembraneGBMEpitheliumPodocyte,SlitmembraneEndotheliumfiltrationmembrane滤过膜滤过作用与其结构和电荷有关1、体积依赖性屏障作用:一般情况下,69kD的白蛋白可少量滤过,150~200kD的免疫球蛋白则阻止在基膜内。2、电荷依赖性屏障作用:滤过膜带负电荷一、发病机制(Pathogenesis)Theimmunecomplexisthemostimportantcause属于Ⅲ型变态反应抗体:IgG、IgA、IgM抗原:非球性、球性原发性肾小球肾炎PrimaryGlomerulonephritis.(一)、循环免疫复合物沉积CirculatingimmunecomplexdepositionAg(非球性)+Ab=IC,随血流经肾脏时而沉积在肾小球的系膜区、内皮细胞下、基底膜内和上皮细胞下,是否沉积与它的大小、电荷有关。SubepithelialdepositsSubendothelialdepositsCirculatingimmunecomplexdeposition①Mesangium②Subendothelial④Subepithelial③GBMgranularpattern荧光素兔抗人IgG血清含IgG的免疫复合物(二)原位免疫复合物形成InsitusimmunecomplexdepositionA:anti-GBMnephritis:chainα3oftypeⅣcollagenB:Heyman’snephritis:meglincomplexmegalin+RAP(Receptorassociatedprotein)inpodocyteC:antibodyagainsttheplantedantigensAntigenAntibodyBasementmembranedepositAnti-GBMnephritisAnti-GBMnephritis:linearpatternIC沉积于滤过膜上中性粒、单核细胞浸润蛋白酶、氧自由基、花生四烯酸、细胞因子:IL-1,TNFGBM受损通透性升高蛋白尿、血尿系膜细胞增生及基质硬化C3aC4aC5aC5b~C9系膜细胞多肽细胞因子(三)、肾小球肾炎发生中的炎症介质1.急性肾炎综合征Acutenephriticsyndrome2.肾病综合征:nephroticsyndrome,NS3.快速进行性肾炎综合征Rapidlyprogressivenephriticsyndrome二、临床表现3.慢性肾炎综合征Chronicnephriticsyndrome4.反复发作性或持续血尿Asymptomatichematuriaorproteinuria5.隐匿性肾炎综合征occultnephritissyndrome6.肾功能衰竭和尿毒症AzotemiaUremia尿改变尿量尿质少尿、无尿多尿、夜尿血尿蛋白尿管型尿水肿高血压氮质血症尿毒症三、基本病变1.增生为主:系膜细胞、内皮细胞和壁层上皮细胞增生;基底膜增厚和系膜基质增多以致硬化2.变质:毛细血管壁纤维素样坏死3.渗出:以中性粒细胞和单核细胞为主4.玻璃样变性和硬化5.肾小管和间质的改变HEStaining:normalglomerulushypercellularityGBMbecomethickPASstaining:proliferationofmesangialmatrixNeutrophilexudationHyalinization&sclerosisPathologicdiagnosis●Renalneedlebiopsy●LM:HEStaining.SpecialStaining:PASPASMMasson●Immunofluorescence:IgG、IgM、IgA、C3●EMPathologicalclassificationprimary/secondarydiffuse/focalglobal/segmental▲PrimaryacquiredGNDiffuseproliferativeGNCrescenticGNMembranousGNMinimalchangeGNFocalsegmentalGNMembranoproliferativeGNIgAnephropathyChronicGN(一)急性弥漫性增生性肾小球肾炎(急性肾炎)AcutediffuseproliferativeGN,Post-infectiousGN1.病因、发病机制最常见的病原体是:A族乙型溶血性链球菌中致肾炎菌株(12、4和1型),小分子量循环免疫复合物,短时间,大量沉积。2.病变1)大体:大红肾redlargekidney、蚤咬肾2)光镜:a、内皮细胞和系膜细胞均增生;b、肾小管上皮细胞水变性和脂肪性,有管型;c、肾间质充血、水肿。3)免疫荧光:颗粒状荧光IgG、C3沉积4)电镜:上皮下驼峰状“hump”电子致密沉积物3.临床表现与预后Acutenephriticsyndrome(1)(2)(3)Neutrophileexudationhypercellularproliferativeendothelial&mesangialcellsHumpHumpHumpIgG-irCellularswellingredcellcastProteincast2.病变1)大体:大红肾redlargekidney、蚤咬肾2)光镜:a、内皮细胞和系膜细胞均增生;b、肾小管上皮细胞水变性和脂肪性,有管型;c、肾间质充血、水肿。3)免疫荧光:颗粒状荧光IgG、C3沉积4)电镜:上皮下驼峰状“hump”电子致密沉积物3.临床病理联系Acutenephriticsyndrome(1)(2)(3)(二)、快速进行性肾小球肾炎(急进性肾炎)CrescenticGN,Extra-capillaryGN1、病理变化:(1)光镜:﹡概念:新月体(Crescent)由增生的壁层上皮细胞和渗出的单核巨嗜细胞构成,有时可见淋巴细胞。以上成分附着于球囊壁层,在毛细血管球外侧形成新月体或环状体。CellularCrescentCellularCrescentCellularCrescentFibrous-CrescentFibrinogen-ir﹡分为几个阶段?﹡对肾功能有何影响?早期:堵塞肾球囊、与血管球粘连、压迫血管球,压力,滤过率晚期:肾小球纤维化功能丧失。﹡诊断?新月体数量及体积50%(2)电镜:GBM断裂。2、临床表现:青壮年,Rapidlyprogressivenephriticsyndrome3Classification①typeⅠRPGN:anti-GBMnephritis,lineardepositionofIgG、C3Goodpasturesyndrome--肺出血肾炎综合征②typeⅡRPGN:causedbyimmunecomplex、manycresents③typeⅢRPGN:unknown,血管炎.I型新月体性肾小球肾炎,IgG细线状沿GBM沉积。病例2:王XX,女性,15岁,湖南隆回人,学生。因呕吐、肉眼血尿,少尿7天,于2001年9月9日入院。40天前因双脚“脚癣”并发感染,当地用庆大霉素治疗(用量不详)。至9月初出现少尿和肉眼血尿,伴呕吐入院。体格检查:血压160/95mmHg,眼睑及双下肢浮肿;实验室检查:尿常规:红细胞(++++),尿蛋白(++),24小时尿量100ml;尿素氮16.2mmol/L(正常值<9mmol/L)肌酐934.8μmol/L(<178μmol/L)。B超检查示:双肾对称增大。问题:诊断及诊断依据?需与那些疾病鉴别?临床诊断:急性肾功能衰竭查因1、急性肾小管损伤?2、急性肾小球肾炎?3、急进性肾小球肾炎?肾穿刺组织见12个肾小球,均有新月体形成,为纤维—细胞性新月体,大部分新月体与血管球粘连,肾球囊明显变窄,血管球内细胞数目增多,毛细血管腔闭塞,个别毛细血管壁可见坏死;Masson、PAS、PASM染色示系膜区和上皮下有大块免疫复合物沉着,新月体内可见胶原纤维增生;肾小管上皮细胞显水变性,未见坏死病变,肾间质多灶性炎症细胞浸润,肾小血管扩张充血。病理诊断:新月体性肾小球肾炎(纤维—细胞性)Case3Tom,male,4yearsold,edemaoftheeyeandlowerlegsfor1year.urineroutine:protein(+++),4.1g/24h,RBC.bloodtest:白蛋白22g/L,胆固醇4.62mmol/L(2.34-3.38),甘油三脂2.5mmol/L(0.56-1.7),BPis132/84mmHg.Whatishesufferingfrom?Diagnosis:NephroticsyndromeWhy?高蛋白尿(massiveproteinuria):protein(+++),4.1g/24h高度水肿(generalizededema):edemaoftheeyeandlowerlegs高脂血症(hyperlipidemia):cholesterol4.62mmol/L,TG2.5mmol/L,低蛋白血症(hypoproteinemia):albumin22g/LIC沉积于滤过膜或电荷屏障滤过膜通透性高度蛋白尿>3.5g/24hr低蛋白血症<30g/L血浆胶体渗透压组织间液高度水肿肝脏合成脂蛋白高脂血症肾炎三、肾病综合征及相关的肾炎类型1.membranousGN2.minimalchangeGN3.focalsegmentalglomerulosclerosis4.membranoproliferativeGN5.mesangialproliferativeGN6.secondarydiseases:diabetes,amyloidosisSLE(一)膜性肾小球肾炎MembranousGN(1)光镜:弥漫性毛细血管壁(基底膜)增厚,渗出和增生不明显。Nohypercellularitynoinflammationspikes(2)电镜:上皮下电子致密沉积物,有钉突形成,基底膜增厚,病程分四期SpikesMassonStainingSilverstaining:spikesspikes(3)银染:钉突(spikes)、梳齿状结构(4)大体:大白肾(5)机制:长期慢性,少量,小分子免
本文标题:经典泌尿系统疾病
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