情绪心理学 chapt 4

SpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions1Chapter4BiologicalBasisofEmotions(I):EmotionalbrainSpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions2CaseofPhineasGage•Damageofprefrontalcortex;•Intact:language,skill,intelligence,attention,memory,perceptions;•Damage:personalityandemotionregulationandmotivation;---whatfunctionsofprefrontalcortexinemotionalprocessing?SpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions3CaseofPhineasGage（Harlow,1858）SpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions4ModerncasesofPhineasGage:Elliott•Damagearea:bothrightandleftprefrontallobesafteratumorremovingsurgery;•Intelligent,skilledwithnormalperception,memoryandlanguageabilities,andworkingmemory;•Unabletokeepajob,nolongerElliott;•Lazyandmalinger;这些研究提示：前额页可能具有情绪控制/情绪调节;SpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions5PatientA(Brickner,1932)•Damage:allleftfrontallobesbeforeareaforlanguageremoved;allrightfrontallobesincludingcortexinfrontofareascontrollingmovement;ventral(orbital)surfaceandlowerpartoftheinternal(medial)surfaceofbothsidesoffrontallobes;SpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions6PatientA•Intactfunctions:perception,memory,language,motorabilities,calculations,playgames,intelligence,physiologicalhealth;•Changedinpersonality:boasted自夸ofhisprofessional,physicalandsexualprowess威力althoughhedidnotwork.Neverreturntoworkafterward.•Impoverished贫乏emotionallife,nosignsofsad,embarrassment,ordistress.Passiveanddependent.Detachedfromothers.SpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions7Implication:variesfrontallobesandspecificfunctionsinemotionalprocessing.•情绪受损---情绪分化性和丰富性减弱---部分情绪回路被损伤；•情绪的动力性受损---情绪的主观体验损伤；或情绪影响认知，或认知影响情绪的功能出现损伤；SpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions8SpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions9CerebralcortexthalamusvisceraSkeletalmusclesReceptor/emotionalstimuli12345Cannon-Bardtheory(1931)Subjectiveemotion情绪体验:与认知评价有直接关系,与生理唤醒无关SpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions10PointsofCannon•Subjectiveemotionalexperienceisresultedfrominteractionbetweenactivationinthalamusandcognitiveevaluationinneo-cortex;•Physiologicalarousaliskindofnonspecificstateaccompaniedwithsubjectiveemotionalexperience.SpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions11•Hypothalamuswasimportantfortheexpressionofemotion;otherregionsconnectedtoitwereresponsiblefortheexperienceofemotion.•Sensory----》thalamus---threepathways:–Neocortext新皮层—streamofthought–Limbicsystem边缘系统andhypothalamus下丘脑----streamoffeeling;–Striatalregion纹状区---streamofmovement;Papez(1937)’shypothesisaboutemotionalexperienceSpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions12SpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions13ThreeLevelsinBrain(Hughlings&Jackson,1959）–Lowerlevel:simplereflexpathwaysincludingsuchfunctionsasreactionstosimplestimuli,posture,andmovement;–Nextlevel:morerecentlyevolvedstructures,includingthoseofemotions;–Highestlevel:mostrecentlyevolvedlevel,thecortexcontrolalllevelbelowit;SpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions14Evolutionoftheforebrain•Reptile爬行动物:–Telecephalon端脑:corpusstriatum纹状体–Diencephalon间脑:hypothalamus;•Earlymammals早期的哺乳动物:–Telecephalon:corpusstriatum+limbicsystem(amygdala+septum)边缘系统–Diencephalon:hypothalamus;•Mammals:–Telecephalon:Neocortex新皮层+corpusstriatum+limbicsystem(amygdala+septum)–Diencephalon:hypothalamus;SpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions15Figure5.3HumanbrainatfivestagesofdevelopmentThebrainalreadyshowsanadultstructureatbirth,althoughitcontinuestogrowduringthefirstyearorso.VideoSpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions16EvolutionofforebrainandemotionStriatalSystem(纹状系统)•Devotedschedulingandgeneratingoutlinescriptsfordailylife;有规律的作息方式•Enlargedwiththeevolutionofreptiles•Reptilianbehaviors(modernlizards)–Preparationandestablishmentofahomesite建立家园–Markingandpatrollingofterritory建立领地–Formalizedfightingindefenseofterritory建立防御系统--“筑长城”SpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions17SpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions18Evolutionofforebrainandemotion（接上页）–Foraging觅食–Hunting狩猎–Hoarding囤积–Formingsocialgroupsincludinghierarchies形成有等级的社会团体;–Greeting问候–Grooming整饰–Mating交配,–Flocking聚集–Migration迁徙…SpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions19Continuing…•Typesofbehavior–Routinizing常规–Imitationormimicry模仿–Tropisms定向–Repetitious重复–Reenactments装扮–Deceptivebehavior欺骗•Hypothesis:thestriatalregionisinvolvedinschedulingspecies-characteristicbehaviorpatternsinmammalsthatarecomparabletothoseofreptiles;SpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions20Figure8.16Connectionsfromthesubstantianigra:(a)normaland(b)inParkinson’sdiseaseExcitatorypathsareshowningreen;inhibitoryareinred.Thesubstantianigra’saxonsinhibittheputamen.Axonlossincreasesexcitatorycommunicationtotheglobuspallidus.Theresultisincreasedinhibitionfromtheglobuspallidustothethalamusanddecreasedexcitationfromthethalamustothecerebralcortex.PeoplewithParkinson’sdiseaseshowdecreasedinitiationofmovement,slowandinaccuratemovement,andpsychologicaldepression.SpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions21•4communicativedisplay–Signaturedisplay信号–Challengedisplay挑战–Courtshipdisplay求爱–Submissivedisplay顺从SpringSemester,2005PsychologyofEmotions22Figure12.1ThelimbicsystemThelimbicsystemisagroupofstructuresintheinteriorofthe