【从藤蔓到葡萄酒】

FOODINDUSTRYBRIEFINGSERIESKeithGraingerandHazelTattersallWineProductionVinetoBottleFoodIndustryBriefingSeriesWINEPRODUCTION:VINETOBOTTLEKeithGraingerandHazelTattersall©K.Grainger&H.Tattersall2005BlackwellPublishingLtdEditorialOffices:BlackwellPublishingLtd,9600GarsingtonRoad,OxfordOX42DQ,UKTel:[phone]BlackwellPublishingProfessional,2121StateAvenue,Ames,Iowa50014-8300,USATel:[phone]BlackwellPublishingAsiaPtyLtd,550SwanstonStreet,Carlton,Victoria3053,AustraliaTel:[phone]TherightoftheAuthortobeidentifiedastheAuthorofthisWorkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher.Firstpublished2005byBlackwellPublishingLtdLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataGrainger,Keith.Wineproduction:vinetobottle/KeithGraingerandHazelTattersall.p.cm.—(Foodindustrybriefingseries)Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN-13:978-14051-1365-6(pbk.:acid-freepaper)ISBN-10:1-4051-1365-0(pbk.:acid-freepaper)1.Wineandwinemaking.I.Tattersall,Hazel.II.Title.III.Series.TP548.G6832005641.2′2—dc222005005238ISBN-13:978-14051-1365-6ISBN-10:1-4051-1365-0AcataloguerecordforthistitleisavailablefromtheBritishLibrarySetin10/13ptFranklinGothicBookbyIntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd,Pondicherry,IndiaPrintedandboundinIndiabyReplikaPressPvt.LtdThepublisher’spolicyistousepermanentpaperfrommillsthatoperateasustainableforestrypolicy,andwhichhasbeenmanufacturedfrompulpprocessedusingacid-freeandelementarychlorine-freepractices.Furthermore,thepublisherensuresthatthetextpaperandcoverboardusedhavemetacceptableenvironmentalaccreditationstandards.ForfurtherinformationonBlackwellPublishing,visitourwebsite:’sForewordixPrefacexiiAcknowledgementsxivIntroductionxvChapter1Viticulture–TheBasics11.1Thestructureofthegrapeberry11.1.1Stalks21.1.2Skins21.1.3Yeasts21.1.4Pulp31.1.5Pips41.2Thegrapevine41.3Whatisagrapevariety?51.4Reasonsforgrafting61.5Phylloxeravastatrix71.6Rootstocks91.7Thelifespanofthevine11Chapter2Climate122.1Climaticrequirementsofthegrapevine122.1.1Sunshine122.1.2Warmth132.1.3Coldwinter132.1.4Rainfall132.2Climaticenemiesofthegrapevine142.2.1Frost142.2.2Hail14WINEPRODUCTIONiv2.2.3Strongwinds152.2.4Excessiveheat152.3Mesoclimateandmicroclimate152.3.1Water152.3.2Altitude162.3.3Aspect162.3.4Woodsandtrees162.4Theconceptofdegreedays172.5Impactofclimate172.6Weather18Chapter3Soil203.1Soilrequirementsofthegrapevine203.1.1Gooddrainage203.1.2Fertility213.1.3Nutrientandmineralrequirements213.2Influenceofsoilsuponwinestyleandquality213.3Soiltypessuitableforviticulture223.4Soilcompatibility233.5Terroir23Chapter4TheVineyard244.1Vineyardlocation244.2Densityofplantingofvines254.3Trainingsystems264.3.1Maintypesofvinetraining264.3.2Othertrainingsystems294.4Pruningmethodsandcanopymanagement304.5Irrigation314.6Thegrowingseasonandworkinthevineyard32Chapter5PestsandDiseases345.1Importantvineyardpests345.2Diseases365.3Preventionandtreatments38CONTENTSvChapter6EnvironmentalApproachesintheVineyard396.1Integratedpestmanagement(IPM)396.2Organicviticulture406.3Biodynamicviticulture42Chapter7TheHarvest447.1Graperipenessandthetimingofpicking447.2Harvestingmethods457.2.1Handpicking457.2.2Machinepicking467.3Styleandquality47Chapter8Vinification–TheBasics488.1Basicprinciplesofvinification488.2Winerylocationanddesign498.3Wineryequipment508.3.1Fermentationvats51Chapter9RedWineMaking549.1Destemmingandcrushing549.2Mustpreparation559.3Fermentation,temperaturecontrolandextraction579.3.1Fermentation579.3.2Temperaturecontrol579.3.3Extraction589.4Maceration589.5Racking599.6Pressing599.7Malolacticfermentation609.8Blending609.9Maturation60Chapter10DryWhiteWineMaking6210.1Crushingandpressing6210.1.1Crushing6210.1.2Pressing62WINEPRODUCTIONvi10.2Mustpreparation6310.3Fermentation6310.4Malolacticfermentation6410.5Maturation64Chapter11PreparingWineforBottling6511.1Fining6511.2Filtration6611.2.1Earthfiltration6611.2.2Sheetfiltration6711.2.3Membranefiltration6711.3Stabilisation7011.4Adjustmentofsulphurdioxidelevels7111.5Bottling7111.6Closures71Chapter12DetailedProcessesofRedandWhiteWineMaking7312.1Winepressesandpressing7312.1.1Continuouspress7312.1.2Batchpress7412.1.3Horizontalplatepress7412.1.4Horizontalpneumaticpress7412.1.5Verticalbasketpress7612.2Useofgasestopreventspoilage7812.3Naturalorculturedyeasts7812.4Destemming7912.5Fermentingsugar-richmuststodryness7912.6Colourextraction,concentrationandtanninbalance7912.6.1Mustconcentratorsandreverseosmosis7912.6.2Coldsoaking(pre-fermentationmaceration)8112.6.3Pumpovers8112.6.4Rackandreturn(délestage)8112.6.5Rotaryvinifiers8312.6.6Thermo-vinification–heatextraction8312.6.7Wholegrapefermentation,carbonicandsemi-carbonicmaceration8312.6.8Fixingcolour84CONTENTSvii12.6.9Post-fermentationmaceration8412.7