二阶与三阶行列式

用消元法解二元线性方程组.,22221211212111bxaxabxaxa12:122a,2212221212211abxaaxaa:212a,1222221212112abxaaxaa，得两式相减消去2x一、二阶行列式的引入;212221121122211baabxaaaa）（，得类似地，消去1x,211211221122211abbaxaaaa）（时，当021122211aaaa方程组的解为，211222112122211aaaabaabx）（3.211222112112112aaaaabbax由方程组的四个系数确定.由四个数排成二行二列（横排称行、竖排称列）的数表)4(22211211aaaa定义)5(42221121121122211aaaaaaaa行列式，并记作）所确定的二阶称为数表（表达式即.2112221122211211aaaaaaaaD11a12a22a12a主对角线副对角线对角线法则2211aa.2112aa二阶行列式的计算若记,22211211aaaaD.,22221211212111bxaxabxaxa对于二元线性方程组系数行列式.,22221211212111bxaxabxaxa,22211211aaaaD.,22221211212111bxaxabxaxa,2221211ababD.,22221211212111bxaxabxaxa,22211211aaaaD.,22221211212111bxaxabxaxa,2221211ababD.,22221211212111bxaxabxaxa.2211112babaD则二元线性方程组的解为,2221121122212111aaaaababDDx注意分母都为原方程组的系数行列式..2221121122111122aaaababaDDx例1.12,12232121xxxx求解二元线性方程组解1223D)4(3,07112121D,14121232D,21DDx11,2714DDx22.3721二、三阶行列式定义333231232221131211)5(339aaaaaaaaa列的数表行个数排成设有记,312213332112322311322113312312332211)6(aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa333231232221131211aaaaaaaaa（6）式称为数表（5）所确定的三阶行列式.323122211211aaaaaa.312213332112322311aaaaaaaaa(1)沙路法三阶行列式的计算322113312312332211aaaaaaaaaD333231232221131211aaaaaaaaaD.列标行标333231232221131211aaaaaaaaaD333231232221131211aaaaaaaaa332211aaa.322311aaa(2)对角线法则注意红线上三元素的乘积冠以正号，蓝线上三元素的乘积冠以负号．说明1对角线法则只适用于二阶与三阶行列式．322113aaa312312aaa312213aaa332112aaa如果三元线性方程组;,,333323213123232221211313212111bxaxaxabxaxaxabxaxaxa的系数行列式333231232221131211aaaaaaaaaD,0利用三阶行列式求解三元线性方程组2.三阶行列式包括3!项,每一项都是位于不同行,不同列的三个元素的乘积,其中三项为正,三项为负.;,,333323213123232221211313212111bxaxaxabxaxaxabxaxaxa,3332323222131211aabaabaabD若记333231232221131211aaaaaaaaaD或121bbb;,,333323213123232221211313212111bxaxaxabxaxaxabxaxaxa,3332323222131211aabaabaabD记,3332323222131211aabaabaabD即;,,333323213123232221211313212111bxaxaxabxaxaxabxaxaxa333231232221131211aaaaaaaaaD;,,333323213123232221211313212111bxaxaxabxaxaxabxaxaxa,3333123221131112abaabaabaD得;,,333323213123232221211313212111bxaxaxabxaxaxabxaxaxa333231232221131211aaaaaaaaaD;,,333323213123232221211313212111bxaxaxabxaxaxabxaxaxa,3333123221131112abaabaabaD得;,,333323213123232221211313212111bxaxaxabxaxaxabxaxaxa.3323122221112113baabaabaaD,3333123221131112abaabaabaD.3323122221112113baabaabaaD则三元线性方程组的解为:,11DDx,22DDx.33DDx333231232221131211aaaaaaaaaD,3332323222131211aabaabaabD2-43-122-4-21D计算三阶行列式例２解按对角线法则，有D4)2()4()3(12)2(21)3(2)4()2()2(241124843264.14.094321112xx求解方程例3解方程左端1229184322xxxxD,652xx解得由052xx3.2xx或例4解线性方程组.0,132,22321321321xxxxxxxxx解由于方程组的系数行列式111312121D1111321211111221315,0同理可得1103111221D,51013121212D,100111122213D,5故方程组的解为:,111DDx,222DDx.133DDx二阶和三阶行列式是由解二元和三元线性方程组引入的.对角线法则二阶与三阶行列式的计算.2112221122211211aaaaaaaa,312213332112322311322113312312332211aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa333231232221131211aaaaaaaaa三、小结思考题使求一个二次多项式,xf.283,32,01fff思考题解答解设所求的二次多项式为,2cbxaxxf由题意得,01cbaf,3242cbaf,28393cbaf得一个关于未知数的线性方程组,cba,,又,020D.20,60,40321DDD得,21DDa,32DDb13DDc故所求多项式为.1322xxxf