ACCA F4 知识点总结

Chapter11.民法(civillaw)和刑法（criminallaw）的划分Civillaw:anformofprivatelaw，usedbyindividualstoassertrightsagainstotherindividualsCriminallaw:anaspectofpubliclawtoregulatecrimesandtopunishoffendersIssueCivilCriminalWhobringstheactionClaimant/plaintiff原告Prosecutor/cps/stateBurdenofproofClaimant/plaintiff原告Prosecutor/cps/stateStandardofproofBalanceofprobabilitiesBeyondreasonabledoubtDecisionsLiable/not(judge)GuiltyornotAimsCompensatoryPunitive/topunishRemedies纠正damagesImprisonment/fines1.Caselaw:madebyjudge/statutelaw成文法:primarylegislation(madebytheParliament)/secondarylegislation(inexerciseoflaw-makingpowersdelegatedbyParliament).[注：Necessityfordelegatedlegislation/secondarylegislation:moreconvenient;canhandoverthetaskofspecifyingthelawindetailtoexperts]2.在caselaw中:commonlaw普通法[createdbyjudgesthroughtheapplicationoftheprincipleofjudicialprecedent.commonlawdrewoncustoms/equitylaw衡平法:toresolvedisputeswheredamagesarenotasuitableremedyandtointroducefairnessintothelegalsystem.]2.不同法院管辖事件的类型只受理民事案件Countycourt只受理刑事案件Crowncourt民刑通吃Magistrate’scourt,highcourt,courtofappeal,supremecourt只受理一审Countycourt,magistrate’scourt只受理上诉Courtofappeal,supremecourt一审上诉通吃Highcourt,crowncourtChapter2Chapter21.DoctrineofPrecedence(遵循先例制度的一般规则):somedecisionsmadebyacourtarebindingandsimilarsubsequentlegalcasesshouldbedecidedonthebasisofthelawestablishedinearliercases.2.可以创立判例法规则:SupremeCourt/CourtofAppeal/HighCourt;不可以创立:Crown,Magistrates,CountyCourtscannotcreateprecedent.3.Elementsofjudicialdecision(影响法庭判决的因素):rationdecidendi判决理由[thereasonforthedecision]/Obiterdicta附带说明[statementmadebytheway,notbinding,butmerelyofpersuasiveauthority]4.法官又可以因为那些理由拒绝先例(disregardingjudicialprecedent):Overrule取代[theprocedurewherebyacourthigherinthelegalhierarchysetsasidealegalrulingestablishedinapreviouscase]/Reverse推翻[aprocedurewherebyacourthigherinthehierarchyreversesthedecisionofalowercourtinthesamecase]/Distinguishing法官的自由裁决[aprecedentisavoidedbyajudgedemonstratingthatthematerialfactsoftwocasesarenotthesame]5.RulesofStatutoryInterpretation(法的解释):①theliteralapproach:theliteralrule[meansthatwordsintheActshouldbegiventheirliteralandgrammaticalmeaningratherthanwhatthejudgethinkstheymean./thegoldenrule:thisruleisappliedincircumstanceswheretheapplicationoftheliteralruleislikelytoresultinanobviouslyabsurdresult.②thepurposiveapproach:thejudgeshould,wherenecessary,lookbeyondthewordsofstatutetofindoutthereason/purposeforitsenactment,andthatmeaningshouldbeinterpretedinthelightofthepurpose[Mischiefrule:purposiveapproach的具体表现形式/whereastatuteisdesignedtoremedyaweaknessinthelaw,thecorrectinterpretationistheonewhichachievesit.]6.语言处理规则（法律没有追溯力astatutedoesnothaveretrospectiveeffect）Chapter3合同法（IMP）1.合同的概念alegallybindingagreementenforceableinlaw2.从要约到承诺是否达成agreement[invitationstotreat要约邀请--offer要约--acceptance承诺----agreement]3.Terminationofanoffer:expressrejection/counteroff反要约/lapseoftime/revocationofanoff/death/iftheoffissujecttoacondition,itwilllapseonfailureofthatcondition4.PrivityofContract合同相对性原则:thecommonlawdoctrinethatonlythosearepartytothecontract---haverightsorliabilitiesunderthecontract/havetherighttoenforcethecontract,contractscannotgiverightsorobligationstoothersChapter41.分类标准Expressandlmpliedterms:某个条款是否经过双方当事人协商同意（agreedbytheparties）Condition，warrantiesandinnominateterms核心，从属和无名条款：根据条款重要性2.免责条款（三观概念）Anyclausethatattemptstoexempt,orlimit,theliabilityofonepartyforbreachofcontractornegligence3test:correctlyincorporatedintothecontract形式正确/wordedclearlytoexcludethebreach措辞清晰/reasonableperstatute内容合理Chapter51.typeofbreachRepudiatorybreach根本性违约：refusaltoperform拒绝履行/failuretoperformanentireobligation不履行某项/incapacitation无力履行/breachofcondition违反核心条款/breachofaninnominateterm违反无名条款Anticipatorybreach预期违约：未到合同履行时间，当事人提前说明无法履行；收到预期违约通知可立即追究违约责任，也可等到履行合同时间追究责任Lawfulexcusesfornon-performance开脱责任：performanceisimpossible因不可预见的事情发生不可履行/尝试履行被拒绝/theotherpartymakeitimpossibleforhimtoperformance/contractisdischargedthroughfrustration情势变更/thepartyhavebeenagreementpermittednon-performance2.Remedies:whenabreachoccurs,thecourthastodecidewhattheappropriateremedyshouldbe.CommonlawDamage赔偿金,actionfortheprice,quantummeruitEquitablelaw衡平法Specificperformance实际履行，injunction禁令，rescissionofthecontract撤销合同3.Liquidateddamage违约金：agenuinepre-estimateoftheloss在订立合同前已经商定了，有利于解纠纷，如果违约金过高（远大于loss）判为惩罚性，则不可执行4.specificperformance：thecourtdirectsapartytocompletetheircontractualobligations以下几种情况法官不会让合同继续履行：courtscannotsupervise法官无力监督履行/personalservice/minorsinvolvedChapter6Tort侵权法Awrongfulactagainstanindividualwhichgivesrisetoacivilclaim.1.过失侵权的4个证明环节（概念标准内容）Negligence:Itariseswhenonepersonsuffersdamageorinjurythoughthenegligentact(oromissiontoact)ofanotherperson.①Dutyofcare注意义务(三步走原则)1.Reasonableforeseeability合理预见原则2.Proximity关联性原则3.Justnessandfairnessofimposingadutyofcare公平合理地强加注意义务②Abreachofthatduty违反注意义务1.generalrule:Thetestforestablishingbreachofdutyisanobjectiveone:abreachofdutyoccursifthedefendant:”...failstodosomethingwhichareasonableman...woulddo.”2.Specialfactorstoconsidera.Theprobabilityofinjuryb.T