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I.Discussion1.Whatislove?2.Howdoyouknowthatsomeonelovesyou?II.ASummaryofwhatyousharedhope,difficulties,dreams,success,newbeginning,lifejourney,colorfulworld,beautyvalueandmeaningofeachcreation;connectionwithnature;purity;shortlifelifeanddeath,livingatthismomentandenjoyeverymoment;tranquility;energysmile;sadness;diversity;freshness,life,harmonyindiversity;lifecycle;growthprocess;fulfilingvalue;miracle;powerofnature;creativity;gift;non-stopchange,eternitynewlife(rebirth)inspring;lifeismysteriousandgloriousnatureismother;uniquenessbeonewithnature;fragrancepeace;relaxing;benatural;shyness;friendship;theworldisone;natureisacreativeartist;equality;roleinlife;beautyinthepatternandcolorofabutterfly;valueeverymoment;cooperationandinterrelatedness;contrastbetweenthebusyworldandthetranquilityinnature;respectlife;eachcreationreflectsbeauty;harmonybetweenhumansandnature;youth;responsibility;quietness;vigor;importanceoffamily;colorful;competition;eyesforbeauty;wonder;warmth;firework;special;optimistic;sweet;cheerful;Conclusion:Ifyouobservenatureandmeditateontheattributesofthenaturalobjects,andseethattheseattributesreflecttheattributesoftheCreator,andfeeltheomnipresenceoftheCreator,youwouldunderstandEmerson,andyouareEmerson.RalphWaldoEmerson(May25,1803)Boston,MassachusettsApril27,1882(aged78)Concord,MassachusettsTranscendentalistI.HisLifeA.borninaUnitarianminister’sfamilyinNewEnglandin1803B.graduatedfromHarvardin1821C.workedasaschoolmasterD.servedasaUnitarianpastorin1829D.abandonedUnitarianismandtouredEuropein1833E.Becamealecturerin1833F.foundedaTranscendentalists'Clubin1836G.TheTranscendentalgroupbegantopublishitsflagshipjournal,TheDial(日晷),in1840II.MajorWorks•Nature《论自然》1836•TheAmericanScholar《论美国学者》1837•DivinitySchoolAddress《神学院演讲》1838•TheOversoul《论超灵》1841•SelfReliance《论自立》1841II.MajorWorks•Essays:FirstSeries《散文一集》1841•Essays:SecondSeries《散文二集》1844•Poems《诗集》1846•RepresentativeMen《代表人物》1850•EnglishTraits《英国人的特性》1856IIIStyleofEmerson’sessays•casual;•aseriesofshort,declarativesentences;•comparisonsandmetaphors;•employingtheliterarysourcesfromtheclassicsofWesternEuropeanliterature.IV.Hisphilosophy•Stronglyhefelttheneedforanewnationalvision.•TheuniverseiscomposedofNatureandthesoul(dualism).Heseestheworldasphenomenal,andemphasizestheneedforidealism,foridealismseestheworldinGod.•Heregardsnatureasthepurest,andmostsanctifyingmoralinfluenceonman,andadvocatedadirectintuitionofaspiritualandimmanent(inner)Godinnature.•Theindividual,notthecrowd,isthemostimportantofall.Ifamandependsonhimself,cultivateshimselfandbringsoutthedivinehimself,hecanhopetobecomebetterandevenperfect.VWhatisTranscendentalism?transcend:超越,超出…的限度;优于或胜过…;高于或独立于(宇宙)而生存1.toriseaboveorgobeyond;overpass;exceed:totranscendthelimitsofthought;kindnesstranscendscourtesy.2.tooutdoorexceedinexcellence,elevation,extent,degree,etc.;surpass;excel.3.Theology.(oftheDeity)tobeaboveandindependentof(theuniverse,time,etc.).VWhatisTranscendentalism?“WhatispopularlycalledTranscendentalismamongusisidealism”.-----EmersonTranscendentalismisthebeliefinahigherrealitythanfoundinsenseexperienceorinahigherknowledgethanachievedbyhumanreason.basictruthscanbereachedonlythroughinstinctandintuitionandareamatterofprivateexperience;Toarriveatthetruth,manmustgobeyondortranscendwhathiseyesandearstellhimorwhathecanlearnfrombooks.Hemustlistentohisinnersoul.Hemusttrustinthedivinitythatisinallmen.ComparetranscendentalismwiththeconceptofDao道可道,非常道。名可名,非常名。《道德经》第一章新英格兰超验主义的主要思想:(1)强调精神,或超灵,认为这是宇宙间至为重要的存在因素。超灵是无所不容、无所不在、扬善抑恶的力量,是万物之本、万物之所属,它存在于人和自然界内。(2)强调个人的重要性,认为个人是社会的最重要的组成因素,社会的革新只能通过个人的修养和完善才能实现,因此,人的首要责任是自我完善,而不是刻意追求金玉富贵。理想的人是依靠自己的人。(3)以全新的目光看待自然,认为自然界是超灵或上帝的象征。。。自然界有生命,上帝的精神充溢其中。它是超灵的外衣。超验主义主张人回归自然,接受它的影响,以在精神上成为完人。(常耀信,《美国文学教程》,2005年,59页)TheAmericanTranscendentalismischaracterizedby:emphasisonintuition,thespiritortheOversoul;thestressontheimportanceofindividualism;praiseofnatureasasymboloftheSpiritorGod;beliefinself-trustandself-reliance;dignityofmanuallabor.VI什么是自然崇拜?natureworship“自然崇拜,就是对自然神的崇拜,它包括了天体、自然力和自然物三个方面,如日月星辰,山川石木,鸟兽鱼虫,风雨雷电等等,这是人类依赖于自然的一种表现。在原始社会,自然现象的变化,尤其是那些能够直接影响人类生存的自然变化,被看成了有人性的、有意志的实体,从而激起人类对自然的崇拜。”(,2013年2月26日)VII.图腾“图腾崇拜,是氏族公社时期的一种宗教信仰的现象。一般表现为对某种动物的崇拜,其也是祖先崇拜的一部分,图腾主要出现在旗帜,族徽,柱子,衣饰,身体等地方。”(,2013年2月26日)第一章从哲学、宗教的视角看人的本质和意义(理性人、灵性人)黔东南苗族的图腾是水牛中国文化中的龙图腾自然崇拜的实质是什么?误把影子当成对象,把被造物当成造物者原始社会的人能隐约地感受到整个世界和宇宙似乎有一种至高无上的存在和操纵者,但是无法清晰地认识这个存在,然而他们从一些自然物身上看到了最高存在的影子和威力的投射,比如,他们从雷电、从老虎、狮子等动物中看到最高存在的威力和力量,就认为这些动物或自然物是神或者最高存在本身。这好比把太阳和镜子中太阳的影子,把月亮和水中月亮的倒影,把皮影中的角色和操纵皮影的人相混淆。VIII.自然崇拜如何帮助我们理解爱默生的《自然》的精神?人最高存在太阳,月亮,风,雷,电,动物,植物最高存在SignsoftheoversoulorGodXAnalysisofNature1.“Togointosolitude,amanneedstoretireasmuchfromhischamberasfromsociety.”Q:Whydoesapersonneedtoretirefromhischamberandsocietyinordertoenjoysolitude(thestateofbeingalone,especiallywhenthisispeacefulandpleasant.)?Towithdrawfromallthedistractionsaroundyou,toquietdownthemind,andachievetranscendentalconsciousness----completesilencewithclearawareness.2.“Butifamanwouldbe
本文标题:美国文学第二讲2013年3月5
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