文体学新闻特点(全英文版PPT)

TheLanguageofNewsreportingPresentedby乔亚茹BriefIntroductionIntroductionofNewsreportingStylisticfeaturesofNewsreportingIntroductionofNewsreporting(1)DefinitionofnewsThedefinitionofnewsisratherelusive.Nosingleonehaswonwidespreadacceptanceintheworlduptonow.HereIlistsomeclassicalandemblematical(典型的)definitions.同样的动作，不同的姿势(1)Newsistruththatmatters._____GerryGoldstein,TheProvidenceJournal,1990s(2)Newsisaccountofacurrentidea,eventorproblemthatinterestspeople_______LaurenceRCampbellandRolandEWolseley,quotedfromReportingForThePrintMedia,1993:175(3)Newsisafreshreportofevents,facts,oropinionsthatpeopledidnotknowbeforetheyreadyourstory.（2）KindsofnewsTherearemanykindsofnewswhichareclassifiedaccordingtodifferentstandards.Hereaccordingtothenatureofoccurrence,newsfallsintotwobasiccategories:hardnewsandsoftnews.HardnewsSoftnewsHardnews（硬新闻）isalsocalledspotnewsandstraightnews（纯新闻）,hardnewsincludesstoriesofatimelynatureabouteventsorconflictsthatjusthappenedorareabouttohappen,suchascrimes,fires,meetings,protestrallies（抗议集会）,speechesandtestimonyincourtcases.Hardnewsismoreearnestwithobjectiverealityreportofcertainfreshness.Softnews（软新闻）isnotconsideredimmediatelyimportantandtimelytoanaudience.Softnewsisthesocialnewswithdeephumantouchandeasewritingamongwhichthesubjectmaybeoutofdate.（3）StructureofnewsAnewsstoryconsistsofheadline,leadandbody.Whenwereadanewspaper,headlineisthemostprobablethingthatcomesfirstintosight.Aheadlinehastworequirements:tocapturetheessenceoftheeventandtoattractreaders’attention.Aleadincludesasummaryofthemostimportantmaterial.Ittellsthereaderswhattoexpect.Theremainderofthestory,thebodygivesexamplesandexplainsthebeginning.Italsocontainsbackgroundandsecondarymaterial.Theendingofthebodyoftensumsupthestory.Thebodyisthemainpartofthenewsreporting,itoftenadoptstheinvertedpyramidmethod.Byusingthismethod,theleadprovidesthemostessentialelementsofthereporting,thefollowingparagraphshavelessimportantinformation.Therelativeimportanceoftheeventsisarranged.Mostnewsstructuresarelikethefollowing：StylisticFeaturesofNewsreportingGraphologicalFeaturesGrammaticalFeaturesLexicalFeaturesSemanticFeaturesGraphologicalFeaturesofNewsreportingGraphologicalfeaturesareofgreatimportanceintheEnglishnewsreporting.Amongthegraphologicalfeatures,punctuation(标点)andparagraphing（分段）arethemostoutstandingfeaturesinEnglishnewsreporting.PunctuationplaysanimportantroleinalmostalltheEnglishnewsreporting.Thepurposeofusingpunctuationisforclarityandeaseofexpression.Butnotallpunctuationisusedintheheadlines.Thefrequentlyusedarecomma(,),colon(:),quotationmark(“….”),questionmark(?)1)Comma(,)Commacanbeusedtoseparateclausesandcondense（简化）thesentencestructure.Forexample:AfterPayingTheirTributes,AReturntotheCampaignTheWashingtonPost,Sunday,September12,20042)Colon(:)Colonisusuallythesubstitutionfortheverb”say”,”show”,”prove”and“have”.Powell:N.KoreablastnotnukeTheUSAToday,Semtember9,20043)Quotationmarks(“…”)Thesinglequotationmark(‘…’)ismorecommonusedthanthedoublequotationmark(“…”)forsavingspace.Usingitcanindicateexternalauthorityforastatementanddoubt.‘Change’isVitalElectionThemeforBush,KerryLosAngelesTimes,Sep.9,20044)Questionmark(?)Generallyspeaking,thequestionmarkisusedtocatchreaders’eyes.Butsometimesthewriterdoesnotknowtheanswertothequestion.Forexample:WasDollyamistake?Times,March2,1998今天该吃什么呢?ParagraphingInaparagraph,journalistsoftenalternatetheuseoflongandshortsentence.Changingthelengthcancreatevarietyandenhancereadability.Hereisthereadabilitytable:GrammaticalFeaturesofNewsreportingHeavyUseofPre-modificationAppositiveParticiplePhraseEllipsis(1)HeavyUseofPre-modification（前置修饰）Journalistsfindthatusingmultiplepre-modificationmayconveythebriefinformationpromptly.Innewsreporting,journalistsoftenemploytwoormorethantwowordsevenasentencepre-modifiertosavespace.Usingpre-modificationcansavemorespaceandtime,andincreasinginterestsandreadability.Forinstance,“a19-years-oldbeautifulgirl”canbewrittenby“abeautifulgirlwhois19yearsold”.Itistofindoutthattheformerpatterniseasierandshorterthanthelatterone,whichispredictedthatpre-modificationisanimportanttrendinNewsEnglish.Itisalsoembodyingthatnewsisalwaysinteresting,conflict,timely,informativeandsurprising.(2)Appositive（同位语）TheappositivephraseisalsoofgreatimportanceinNewsEnglish.Usingalargeamountofappositivephrasecanmakethesentencebrief,clearandcontainasmuchinformationaspossible,whichiswidelyusedforexplainingperson’sidentity,careerandageandanorganization’splace,qualityandalsofurtherexplanations.猜猜我俩谁才是老大？Hereisaexample:SteveDowling,anApplespokesman,declinedtocommentaboutApple’splansbeforetheconferencecallonMonday.TheNewYorkTimes,2012/3/18Theunderlinedpartisanappositive,itexplainsSteveDowling’sidentity.Thesesentencescanconveycomplicatedideas,andcontainasmuchinformationaspossible.Usingthiskindofsentencecancatchreaders’eyeeasily.（3）ParticiplePhrase（分词短语）InNewsEnglishreportingwriting,whenjournalistswanttomixtwosentencesintoonesentence,theyusuallyemployparticiplephrasetosimplifythem.Bythisway,theycanmakeonesentenceincludeasmuchinformationaspo