Cohesion and Coherence 衔接与连贯

CohesionandCoherence——衔接与连贯CohesionandCoherence衔接与连贯Whatiscohesion?TypesofthecohesionWhatisthecoherence?Relationshipsbetweencohesionandcoherence天净沙秋思分析语篇的衔接手段语篇就好比是一棵大树——一个条理清晰，上下连贯（语篇特征）的整体，那么语篇是靠什么形成的呢？——靠衔接手段。WhatisCohesion?Cohesionisasemanticconcept,itreferstorelationsofmeaningthatexistwithinthetext.(Halliday&Hasan,1976)“衔接”这一概念是Halliday于1962年首次提出的。后来在他与Hasan合著的CohesioninEnglish一书中把衔接定义为“存在于篇章内部，使之成为语篇的意义关系”FivetypesofCohesion——五种衔接照应（reference）、替代（substitution）、省略（ellipsis）、连接（conjunction）及词汇衔接（lexicalcohesion）。Cohesionisexpressedpartlythroughgrammarandpartlythroughvocabulary.WecanreferthereforetoGRAMMATICALCOHESIONandLEXICALCOHESION.其中前三类属于语法手段，第四类属于逻辑手段，最后一类于词汇衔接手段一、Reference——照应Aparticipantorcircumstantialelementintroducedatoneplaceinthetextcanbetakenasareferencepointforsomethingthatfollows.照应(Reference)指用代词等语法手段表示的语义关系。Thereisalsoreferencetowhatisoutsidethetext,exophoric(ex),（语外照应，外指）endophoric(en)(语内照应，内指）外照应——独立于上下文之外的词项内照应——意义依赖于上下文的词项下照应（后照应）——意义依赖于前述词项的词项上照应（前照应）——意义依赖于后述词项的词项李林是我的朋友。他是武汉人。（内指，‘他’回指前文提到的‘李林’）我讨厌你，李林！（内指，下指‘李林’）（手指某物），那是你画的吗？（外指）ThreeTypesofReference:personalreferencedemonstrativereferencecomparativereference人称照应指示照应比较照应由人称代词表示的照应关系叫做“人称照应”（PersonalReference）。在使用人称代词的时候，必须搞明确谁是它的照应对象，如果这一点含糊不清，就会模棱两可，引出歧义。例如：①JanewatchedJuliawalkintothelibrarywithherbrother．（Jane看见Julia和谁的兄弟走进图书馆？）例中的Jane和Julia都是女性，以致后面的her既可指Jane，也可指Julia。可以改写成：JanewatchedherbrotherandJuliawalkintothelibrary．简瞧见她的兄弟和朱莉亚走进图书馆。②Coresixcookingapples.Putthemintoafireproofdish.Theseareredones,buttheyarenotsodelicious.Them—指称，表示前面的applesThese—指示，指前面的them和applesSo—比较，把这些苹果与其他的相比较。二、SubstitutionandEllipsis——省略和替代Substitutionandellipsisareonetypeofcohesiondevicewhichtakesdifferentforms.当在下面一个句子重新出现时，被省略掉，或者被其他项目所替代的现象。例如，上例中的ones就用以替代apples，如：⑴A.Haveyoubeenplayingfootball?B.Yes,Ihave(beenplayingfootball.)都可分为三类：名词、动词和小句。Ones替代名词；playingfootball替代动词。⑵A:HashebeenevertoBeijing?B:Ithinkso。So替代整个小句(hehasbeentoBeijing.)ThreetypesofSubstitutionNominal:one,ones,sameVerbal:do(inflectionalforms:does,did)Clausal:so,not.名词性替代、动词性替代和从句性替代1)A:Haveyouanyknives?Ineedasharpone.B:Icangetyouseveralverysharpones,butthisisthebest(one)Ihave.(nominalsubstitution)2)BobsaysheisgoingtojointheLabourParty.Itwillbeinterestingtoseewhetherhedoes(do).(VerbalSubstitution)3)A:‘Bruceisagoodactor.’B:‘Idon’tthinkso.’(clausalsubstitution)ThreetypesofEllipsisnominalellipsisverbalellipsisclausalellipsis名词性省略、动词性省略和从句性省略HeprefersDutchcheeseandIpreferDanish.---Doyouunderstand?---Itriedto.---Youhaven’ttoldhimyet.---Notyet.三、Conjunction——连接Conjunctionisacohesiverelationwhichobtainbetweenclausesaswellassentencesofatextwhichareindicatedconnectors.指由连接成分把两个或多个句子，或者段落连接起来的现象。常用的有递进、转折、因果、时间。FourtypesofConjunctionadditive补充adversativecausaltemporale.g.TobeabletoseeNobody!Andatthatdistance,too!(additive)Allthefigureswerecorrect;they’dbeenchecked.Yetthetotalcameoutwrong.(adversative)Wemaynotbeabletosetuppermanentdecisions.Therefore,itseemstomethatwemusttake,sofaraswecan,sofaraswecan,apictureoftheworldintoourminds.（casual）Thefirstmanlandedonthemoon.Atthesamemoment,ayoungboydiedinAlabama.(temporal)英语逻辑关系表示法1.先后或列举：first,second…;foronething…foranother…;inaddition/besides等。2.因果：asaresult/thus/sobecause/等。3.特例或举例：inparticular;forexample;thatis等。4.转折：But/however/yet/nevertheless;ontheotherhand等。5.引出结论：inconclusion/finally等。6.表示频率：frequently/often;occasionally等。7.表示阶段：during;briefly;foralongtime;formanyyears等。8.表某一时刻：lastSunday;in2005;atsixo’clock;twomonthsago等。9.表示开端：inthebeginning;beforethen等。10.表示其间：inthemeantime/atthesametime等。11.表示结束：eventually/finally/atlast/intheend等。四、lexicalcohesion——词汇衔接由词汇的重复，及其之间的语义关系所建立起来的衔接关系，包括重现、同义、反义、上下义、整体部分义，以同一语义场的词汇搭配所建立起来的衔接关系。1、Theyoungmandoesnotlikebears,soyesterdayintheparkhegavethebearsomepoisonousfoodtoeat.2、Toerrishuman;toforgivedivine3、Andsingsasolitarysong,Thatwhistlesinthewind.Bear—bears:重现Err—forgive:反义Sing—whistle:搭配表1：衔接在英语描述中的地位(Halliday&Hasan,1976)概念意义人际意义谋篇意义经验逻辑结构性非结构性根据级阶小句及物性动词词组时态名词词组修饰语副词词组情景所有级阶并列与从属关系（条件附加、报告等）根据级阶小句：语气、情态动词词组人称名词词组态度副词词组评论根据级阶小句主位动词词组语态名词词组指称副词词组连接跨级阶信息单位信息分布信息焦点衔接指称替代省略连接词汇衔接CoherenceWhatiscoherence?Coherenceinlinguisticsiswhatmakesatextsemanticallymeaningful.Itisespeciallydealtwithintextlinguistics.ConceptsofCoherence：Textvs.DiscourseTextureThenotionofCoherenceThetermtextisusedinlinguisticstorefertoanypassage,spokenorwritten,ofwhateverlength,thatdoesfromaunifiedwhole.Itmaybeanythingfromasingleproverbtoawholeplay,fromamomentarycryforhelptoanall-daydiscussiononacommittee.(HallidayandHasan,1976)Some(Coulthart)thinkthattextonlyreferstowrittenlanguage,notincludingspoken.Leechemploysthetermdiscoursetorefertocommunicativelanguage.Textvs.DiscourseTexture⑴Asemanticallycoherenttextmusthavetexture.Texturedistinguishestextandnon-text.①A:Howoldisyourson?B:Heisseven.②A:Howoldisyourson?B:Sheisplayinginthegarden.(2)issemanticallyincoherent,shehasnoreferent.ThenotionofCoherence•Weshouldfirstrealizewhatcoherenceintuitivelymeansforlanguageusers.(normal,understandable)•Coherencemayalsobetakenaspredictednotof