景观规划建筑英语3

Landscapearchitecturecontinuedtoinfluencethecitybeautificationandplanningmovementwellintothe20thcentury,asgrowingcitiesusedtheservicesofprofessionally-trainedlandscapearchitects.TheL'EnfantPlanforthenation'scapitolwasrevivedandexpandedbytheMcMillancommissionof1901.Chicago,Clevelandandothercitiesalsousedlandscapearchitectstolayoutcomprehensivedevelopmentplans.•由于城市发展需要受到过专业训练的风景园林师参与，风景园林对城市美化和规划运动的影响一直持续到20世纪。1901年，国家首都的郎方规划由麦克米伦委员会进行再次规划和扩大，芝加哥、克里夫兰和其他城市都请风景园林师对城市进行综合布局和开发规划。Bythe1920's,urbanplanningseparatedfromarchitectureandlandscapearchitectureasaseparateprofessionwithitsowndegreeprogramsandorganizations.Yet,landscapearchitecturecontinuedtoremainamajorforceinurbanplanningandurbandesign.DuringandaftertheDepression,opportunitiestodesignnationalandstateparks,towns,parkwaysandnewurbanparksystemsbroadenedtheprofession.TheorientationofAmericanlandscapearchitecturereturnedtoitsrootsinpublicprojects——atrendwhichhascontinuedthroughoutthemid-20thcenturytotoday.•到20世纪20年代，城市规划从建筑和风景园林分离成为一个独立的职业，并拥有自己的学位课程和组织机构。•然而，风景园林师在城市规划和城市设计中仍然保持着主导力量。•在经济大萧条期间和之后，国家和州公园、城镇、公园道和新的城市公园系统规划设计的机会使风景园林职业得到壮大。•美国风景园林的定位重新回到它的起源公共项目——一个贯穿20世纪中期至今的趋势中来。TheProfessioninPractice•实践中的职业Landscapearchitectureinthe1990scannotbedescribedinafewsimpleterms.Thescopeoftheprofessionistoobroadandtheprojectstoovaried.Avarietyofofteninterwovenspecializationsexistwithintheprofession,includingthefollowing:LandscapeDesign,thehistoricalcoreoftheprofession,isconcernedwithdetailedoutdoorspacedesignforresidential,commercial,industrial,institutional,andpublicspaces.Itinvolvesthetreatmentofasiteasart,thebalanceofhardandsoftsurfacesinoutdoorandindoorspaces,theselectionofconstructionandplantmaterials,infrastructuresuchasirrigation,andthepreparationofdetailedconstructionplansanddocuments.SitePlanningfocusesonthephysicaldesignandarrangementofbuiltandnaturalelementsofalandparcel.Asiteplanningprojectcaninvolvedesigningthelandforasinglehouse,anofficeparkorshoppingcenter,oranentireresidentialcommunity.Morespecifically,sitedesigninvolvestheorderly,efficient,aestheticandecologicallysensitiveintegrationofman-madeobjectswithasite'snaturalfeaturesincludingtopography,vegetation,drainage,water,wildlifeandclimate.Sensitivedesignproducesdevelopmentthatminimizesbothenvironmentalimpactsandprojectcosts,andaddsvaluetoasite.Urban/TownPlanningdealswithdesigningandplanningcitiesandtowns.Urbanplannersusezoningtechniquesandregulations,masterplans,conceptualplans,land-usestudiesandothermethodstosetthelayoutandorganizationofurbanareas.Thisfieldalsoinvolvesurbandesign_thedevelopmentofmostlyopen,publicspaces,suchasplazasandstreetscapes.RegionalLandscapePlanninghasemergedasamajorareaofpracticeformanylandscapearchitectswiththeriseofthepublic'senvironmentalawarenessinthepastthirtyyears.Itmergeslandscapearchitecturewithenvironmentalplanning.Inthisfield,landscapearchitectsdealwiththefullspectrumofplanningandmanaginglandandwater,includingnaturalresourcesurveys,preparationofenvironmentalimpactstatements,visualanalysis,landscapereclamationandcoastalzonemanagement.ParkandRecreationPlanninginvolvescreatingorredesigningparksandrecreationalareasincities,suburbanandruralareas.Landscapearchitectsalsodevelopplansforhugenaturalareasaspartofnationalpark,forest,andwildliferefugesystems.LandDevelopmentPlanningcanbeonlarge-scale,multi-acreparcelsofundevelopedlandandsmallerscalesitesinurban,ruralandhistoricareas.Assuch,itprovidesabridgebetweenpolicyplanningandindividualdevelopmentprojects.Landscapearchitectsworkinginthisarearequireaknowledgeofrealestateeconomicsanddevelopmentregulationprocesses,aswellasanunderstandingofthephysicalconstraintsofdevelopingandworkingwiththeland.Thechallengeistointegrateeconomicfactorswithgooddesignandthuscreatequalityenvironments.Duetothisblendingofexpertise,landscapearchitectsareoftenselectedtoheadmulti-disciplinarydesignteams.EcologicalPlanningandDesignstudiestheinteractionbetweenpeopleandthenaturalenvironment.Itisconcernedwithinterpretation,analysis,andformulationofdesignpolicies,guidelinesandplanstoensurethequalityoftheenvironment.HeavilylandscapearchitectandplannerIanMcHarg,thisspecializationincludes,butisnotlimitedto,analyticalevaluationsofthelandandfocusesonthesuitabilityofasitefordevelopment.ItrequiresspecificknowledgeofenvironmentallawssuchastheCleanWaterAct,theSafeDrinkingWaterAct,Federalwetlandsregulations,etc.Thisspecializationalsoencompasseshighwaydesignandplanning.HistoricPreservationandReclamationofsitessuchasparks,gardens,grounds,waterfronts,andwetlandsinvolvesincreasingnumbersoflandscapearchitectsasgrowingpopulationsleadtoadditionaldevelopment.Thisfieldmayinvolvepreservationormaintenanceofasiteinrelativelystaticcondition,conservationofasiteaspartofalargerareaofhistoricimportance,restorationofasitetoagivendateorquality,andrenovationofasiteforongoingornewuse.Landscapearchitectsoftenparticipatefromtheresearchthroughtheactualrestorationstage.SocialandBehavioralAspectsofLandscapeDesignfocusesonthehumandimensionofdesign,suchasdesigningforthespecialneedsoftheelderly