Discourse_Analysis_语篇分析

1DiscourseAnalysis•1:Introduction•2:BasicissuesinDA•3:Texture(Halliday’sTheory)•4:Texture(Beaugrande&Dressler’sTheory)•5:Cohesionandcoherence•6:Thematicandinformationstructure•7:TenseandAspect•8:Discoursestructure•9:Conversationanalysis•10:Discourseandcontext•11:DAinapplication21:Introduction--AgeneralunderstandingWhen?•Cameintobeingsince1950s;asanindependentdisciplinesince1970s.•Whattostudy?•Languageunitslargerthansentences,includingbothwrittenandspokenlanguage.31:Introduction—developmentofDA•1.TextLinguistics•Textlinguistics(ordiscourselinguistics)developedonthebasisofsyntax(句法学).Soitisalsocalledtextgrammar(篇章语法)ordiscourseanalysis（语篇分析，话语分析）.41:Introduction—developmentofDA•2.Stages•(1)ThePreparatoryStage(1950s):Harris•(2)TheDevelopmentalStage(orTheEmergenceofDiscourseAnalysisAsANewDiscipline)(1970s):Halliday•(3)TheMaturedStage(1980s):G.Yule,T.Givon,S.Thompson,J.S.Petofi,W.Chafe,W.Mann,R.Longacre,etc.inAmerica;G.Brown,VanDijk,M.Coulthard,J.Sinclair,E.Ventola,etc.inwesternEurope;M.A.K.Halliday,R.Hasan,J.Martin,C,Matthiessen,etc.inAustalia;M.BakhtininRussia;廖秋忠,陈平,胡壮麟,沈家煊,顾曰国,任绍曾,申丹，黄国文,张德禄,朱永生等。51:Introduction—definition?•1.TheCommon-SenseDefinitions•2.TheTheoreticalDefinitions:•formalist:discourseusaparticularunitoflanguage(abovethesentence)•functionalist:discourseisdefinedasaparticularfocusonlanguageuse.61:Introduction—definition?•Formalist：Languageabovethesentence•Functionalist:Languageuse•Discourse:utterances71:Introduction—characteristics•discoursemustbegrammaticallycorrectandsemanticallycoherent.•discourseshouldhaveanargumentativestructureandlogicalstructure•itisgenerallyheldthattheboundaryofdiscourseanalysisshouldexceedthelimitofasimplesentence•HallidayandHasan(1976)proposethatdiscourseisasemanticunit,notaunitofform.8Introduction:Text&Discourse•Differentdefinitionstotext/discourse:•1.Halliday&Hasan(1976),Quirketal.(1985):textforbothwrittenandspokenlanguage•2.Coulthard(1985):textforwritten,discourseforspoken•3.Leechetal.(1985):discourseforboth•4.Widdowson(1975):discourseforwritten91:Introduction—TheTaskofDA•Fromthemacro-perspective:•Howdoeslanguageuseinfluencebeliefsandinteraction,orviceversa?•Howdoaspectsofinteractioninfluencehowpeoplespeak?•Howdobeliefscontrollanguageuseandinteraction？•Whataretherelationshipsamonglanguageuse,beliefsandinteraction?101:Introduction—TheTaskofDA•Fromthemicro-perspective:•(a)thesemanticlinksbetweensentences,(b)textualcohesionandcoherence,(c)conversationalprinciples,(d)therelationshipbetweendiscourseandcontext,(e)therelationshipbetweenthediscoursesemanticstructureandideology,(f)therelationshipbetweendiscourseandthinkingpatterns,etc.111:Introduction—VarietiesofApproachesTowardsDA•Insociology•Inphilosophy•Incognitivepsychology•Inliterature•Inlinguistics•Incriticallinguisticstudy•Incognitivelinguistics122:BasicissuesinDA•1.Cohesion•2.Coherence•3.Sentence,sentencegroupandtext•4.Patternsofsententialrelationships•5.Discoursestructure•6.DAlevels132:BasicissuesinDA•Cohesion:•Aimportantfeatureoftexturerealizedatthesurfacestructureofatext.•Toberealizedbyusinggrammaticaldevices(e.g.reference,substitutionandellipses,etc.)andlexicaldevices(e.g.reiterationandcollocation,etc.)•Atangiblenetworkofthetext142:BasicissuesinDA•Coherence:•Thesemanticrelationinatext;lyinginnotonthesurfacebutthedeeplevelofthetext;realizedbylogicalreasoning;anintangiblenetworkofthetext152:BasicissuesinDACohesion:•A:Whoseisthispen?•B:Oh,it’stheoneIlost.Coherence:A:That’sthetelephone.B:I’minthebath.A:O.K.162:BasicissuesinDA•Sentence,sentencegroupandtext•Sentence:thelargestgrammaticalunit•SG:composedby2ormoresentences•Clause:??•Clausecomplex172:BasicissuesinDA•Sententialrelationships:•Thestructuralandsemanticrelationsbetweensentencesinacoherenttext.•Clausecomplexes:•Asentencecanbeinterpretedasaclausecomplex:aHeadclausetogetherwithotherclausesthatmodifyit.Theclausecomplexwillbetheonlygrammaticalunitwhichweshallrecognizeabovetheclause.(Halliday,1994)182:BasicissuesinDA•Basictypesofclausecomplexes19(i)paratactic(ii)hypotactic(1)Expansion(a)elaborationJohndidn’twait;1heranaway.=2Johnranaway,αwhichsurprisedeveryone=β(b)extensionJohnranaway,1andFredstayedbehind.+2Johnranaway,αwhereasFredstayedbehind.+β(c)enhancementJohnwasscared,1soheranaway.×2Johnranaway,αbecausehewasscared×β(2)Projection(a)locutionJohnsaid:1‘I’mrunningaway’“2Johnsaidαhewasrunningaway.“β(b)ideaJohnthoughttohimself:1‘I’llrunaway’‘2Johnthoughtαhewouldrunaway.‘β202:BasicissuesinDA•Twosystemicdimensions:•1.Thesystemofinterdependency:parataxisandhypotaxis•2.Thelogico-semanticsystem:expansionandprojection212:BasicissuesinDA•Discoursestructure•“Thisnoiseisgivingmeaheadache.”•“Me,too!”•*“It’sgoingtorainsoon.”•“Me,too!”222:BasicissuesinDA•Discoursestructure—linearization（线性表现）•Icame.Isaw.Iconquered.(JuliusCaesar)•Thepolicemanhelduphishand.Thecarstopped.232:BasicissuesinDA•Discoursestructure—basicrelationalstructures（基本关系结构）（Quirk,1985)•1.generalandparticular:•Workinginwoodcallsforgreatmanualskill.Theordinarysawitselfisnoteasytohandle.•Theordinaryhouseholdsawisno