part 3-unit 1-lession 2

化学化工专业英语SpecialtyEnglishforChemistryandChemicalEngineering主讲丁明洁河南城建学化工学院小测试2－甲基丁烷:2-methylbutane环戊烯:cyclopentene1,3,5－己三烯:1,3,5-hexatriene己炔:hexyne4-hydroxyl-2-butanone：2-methyl-2-chloropropane:乙醇:methanol丙酸:Propionicacid氧化钾:potaciumoxide硫酸钠:sodiumsulfateCH3CCH2CH2CH2OHOH3CCClCH3CH3小测试electricalconductivity（导电性）electricalconductivity（导电性）solubility（溶解性）acidity（酸性）photoelectronspectrum（光电谱）usingValenceBondTheory（共价键理论）ionisation（电离作用）molecularorbitaltheory（原子轨道理论）electronremovalandexcitationX-raycrystallography（X－射线晶体光谱）Ultraviolet-visiblespectroscopy（紫外－可见光谱）NMRspectroscopy（核磁共振光谱）Infraredspectroscopy（IR，红外光谱）Electron-nucleardoubleresonance(ENDOR)spectroscopy（电子原子共振光谱）Cyclicvoltammetry伏安法Electrochemistry（电化学）oxidationstateionizationpotential（电离电位）theelectronaffinity（亲电性）CrystallizationLewisacid（路易斯酸）polarizability（极化性，极化度）CatalystTransitionmetalcompoundsSolidstatecompoundsMaingroupcompoundsOrganometalliccompoundsorganometallicchemistry（金属有机化学）clusterchemistry（簇化学）Superconductors（超导体）coordinationchemistry（配位化学）ligands（配位体）coordinationcomplexes（配合物）Stereochemistry（立体化学chirality（手性,偏光性）supramolecular（超分子的）Tetrahedralchemistry（正四面体化学）bioinorganicchemistryPart3/Unit1GeneralChemistryLesson1OrganicChemistry62009/08StructuralformulasOrganicnomenclatureFunctionalgroupsContentsfortodayIntroductionThenatureofOrganicChemistryhaschangedgreatlysince1828.Beforethattimethescientific(系统的，科学的)philosophy（哲学，哲理，人生观）knownas“Vitalism”（活力论）maintainedthatOrganicChemistrywasthechemistryoflivingsystems.ItmaintainedthatOrganicCompoundscouldonlybeproducedwithinlivingmatterwhileinorganiccompoundsweresynthesizedfromnon-livingmatter.Eventheword“organic”comesfromthesamerootastheword“organism”(有机体，生物体，微生物)or“organ”（器管）.However，peoplelikeProfessorWohlerbeginningin（始于）1828determined（断定）thatitwasindeedpossibletosynthesizeorganiccompoundsfromthosecompoundsthatwereconsideredinorganic.OneofthefirstorganiccompoundssynthesizedfrombasicallyinorganiccompoundswasthecompoundUrea（尿素）whichisametabolicproduct（代谢产物）ofurine（尿）.ItwassynthesizedfromAmmoniumCyanate（氰酸铵）consideredacompoundproducedoutsideoflivingmatterandthereforeconsideredinorganic.SincethenmanymillionsofOrganiccompoundshavebeensynthesized“invitro”（体外的）inotherwordsoutsidelivingtissue（组织）.1.StructuralformulasThebuildingblock（基本构造，构造基础）ofstructuralorganicchemistryisthetetravalent（四价的）carbonatom.Withfewexceptions（极少例外）,carboncompoundscanbeformulatedwith（按配方制造）fourcovalentbondstoeachcarbon,regardlessofwhetherthecombination（结合，键合）iswithcarbonorsomeotherelement.Thetwo-electronbond,whichisillustratedby（以…说明）thecarbon-hydrogenbondsinmethaneorethaneandthecarbon-carbonbondinethane,iscalledasinglebond（单键）.Intheseandmanyrelatedsubstances,eachcarbonisattachedto（附属于）fourotheratoms:Thereexist,however,compoundssuchasethene(ethylene),C2H4,inwhichtwoelectronsfromeachofthecarbonatomsaremutually（相互地）shared（分享）,therebyproducingtwotwo-electronbonds,anarrangementwhichiscalledadoublebond.Eachcarboninetheneisattachedtoonlythreeotheratoms:Similarly,inethyne(acetylene),C2H2,threeelectronsfromeachcarbonatomaremutuallyshared,producingthreetwo-electronbonds,calledatriplebond（叁键）,inwhicheachcarbonisattachedtoonlytwootheratoms:Byconvention（通常）,asinglestraightline（一条单直线）connectingtheatomicsymbols（原子符号）isusedtorepresentasingle(two-electron)bond,twosuchlinestorepresentadouble(four-electron)bond,andthreelinesatriple(six-electron)bond.Representationsofcompoundsbythesesymbolsarecalledstructuralformulas（结构式）;someexamplesare：Tosavespaceandtimeintherepresentationoforganicstructures,itiscommonpractice（惯例，习惯作法）touse“condensedformulas”（简式）inwhichthebondsarenotshownexplicitly（明确地）.Inusingcondensedformulas,normalatomicvalencesareunderstoodthroughout（自始至终）.ExamplesofcondensedformulasareCH3CH3CH2CH2CHCHAnothertypeofabbreviation（缩写）thatoftenisused,particularlyforringcompounds（环状化合物）,dispenseswith（省略）thesymbolsforcarbonandhydrogenatomsandleavesonlythelinesinastructuralformula.Forinstance,cyclopentane,C5H10,oftenisrepresentedasaregularpentagon（正五边形）inwhichitisunderstoodthateachapex（顶点，端点）representsacarbonatomwiththerequisite（需要的，必不可少的）numberofhydrogenstosatisfy（满足）thetetravalence（四价）ofcarbon:2.OrganicnomenclatureOrganicnomenclatureisthesystemestablishedfornamingandgroupingorganiccompounds.Formally,rulesestablishedbytheInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry(knownasIUPACnomenclature)areauthoritative（权威的）forthenamesoforganiccompounds,butinpractice（实际上）,anumberofsimply-appliedrules（简单实用的）canallowonetouse）andunderstand（使某人能够使用和理解）thenamesofmanyorganiccompounds.Formanycompounds,namingcanbeginbydetermining（确定）thenameoftheparenthydrocarbon（母体烃）andbyidentifying（鉴别）anyfunctionalgroups（官能团）inthemoleculethatdistinguishitfromtheparenthydrocarbon.Thenumberingoftheparentalkane（母烃，源烃）isused,asmodified,ifnecessary,byapplicationoftheCahnIngoldPrelogpriorityrules（CIP顺序规则）inthecasethatambiguity（模糊）remainsafterconsiderationofthestructureoftheparenthydrocarbonalone.Thenameoftheparenthydroc