有史以来最牛逼的制图学家

有史以来最牛逼的制图学家EsriMappingCenter有一个栏目叫做FeaturedCartographer，会随机播放一些制图学家的卡通肖像（我是看肖像去的。。）和生平，现在有17位。我把内容抓下来看了看，认识的几位和先前所知的基本相符，不认识的几位通过这个栏目也大致了解了。我觉得称他们为“有史以来最牛逼的制图学家”再恰当不过了！我按时间顺序（出生日期）重新组织了一下，贴在下边。原先想翻译一下，但发现其实没必要，熟悉的地方一看就懂，生疏的内容还得查资料，就偷下懒吧。当然，如果哪位同学有时间，可以做一下这个事情，为中文GIS圈子贡献一点力量哈。我先介绍一点我自己的认识，不深入，特别是对刚认识的那几位：1.Anaximander，第一个绘制世界地图的人，祖师爷！维基中他的介绍比较全面，也有他画的地图。2.Eratosthenes，Geography说法的提出者，最早计算了地球直径。3.Ptolemy，写过三本很牛逼的书：《天文学大全》、《地理学指南》和《占星四书》，地心说就是他提出的。4.Gemma-Frisius，他首次提出了三角测量、时差测经度等概念，他还是Mercator的老师！5.GerardusMercator，Mercator应该人尽皆知了，Mercator投影和Atlas（地图集）是他的代表作，今年也是他诞辰500周年。Mercator投影我还研究过一点。6.Abraham_Ortelius，贵族出身，Mercator的好基友。第一部真正意义上的地图集是他出版的，叫TheatrumOrbisTerrarum，世界概貌。7.8.9.11.12.CassiniFamily，祖孙四代都是天文学家！CassiniV因为一些原因没有走家族路线，成为了一名植物学家（为什么他也算FeaturedCartographer？）。他们家主要成就在天文和测绘上，比如测绘法国地图。10.JohannHeinrichLambert，Lambert发明了若干投影，比如：Lambertconformalconic、TransverseMercator、Lambertazimuthalequalarea，Lambert也是第一个证明pi是无理数的！13.EduardImhof，发明了晕渲图（reliefshading、hillshade）。14.ArthurH.Robinson，Robinson投影的发明者，这种投影广泛用于世界地图中。15.JacquesBertin，信息可视化（InformationVisualization）理论奠基人！16.GeorgeF.Jenks，NaturalBreaks数据分类发明人，ArcGIS的默认分类法。二战后美国制图课程的设计人，堪萨斯大学教授，桃李满天下。17.JohnSnyder，可能是当代最著名的地图投影学家了，发明了SpaceObliqueMercator投影。他还是杨启和教授《地图投影变换原理与方法》的英文版译者，我在坐标转换一文中有所介绍。从历史来看，早期的制图学在古希腊，一直延续到文艺复兴和地理大发现时代，期间，以Mercator以及Cassini家族位中心的欧洲开始繁荣，现代当然主要是美国人的天下了。一般来说，科学技术的发展大抵都这样吧，cartography当然不能免俗了～以下来自MappingCenter：1.Anaximander(c.610BC-c.546BC)Anaximanderissaidtohavemadethefirstmapoftheworld.ItwascircularinformandwascenteredontheAegeanSea(theMediterraneanSeabetweenthemainlandofGreeceandTurkey),andtheoceanwasshownalongtheouteredgeofthecircle.Thenorthernhalfwascalled“Europe”andthesouthernhalfwas“Asia”.TwosmallstripsoflandtothenorthandsouthoftheMediterraneanSearepresentedthehabitableworld.Thelandstothenorthofthehabitableworldwerethecoldcountrieswheremythicalpeoplelivedandthelandssouthwereconsideredthehotcountrieswheretheburntpeoplelived.AnaximanderwasaGreekphilosopherwholivedinMiletuswherehebelongedtotheMilesianschool.AfterstudyingunderhismasterThales,hesucceededhimasthesecondmasteroftheschool–Pythagoraswasoneofhispupils.BecauseofAnaximander’sbeliefthatphysicalratherthansupernaturalforcesordertheuniverse,heisconsideredbysometobethefirsttruescientist.Heisknowntohaveconductedtheearliestrecordedscientificexperiment,andheisthefirstphilosopherknowntohavewrittendownhisstudies.Likemanythinkersofhistime,hecontributedtomanydisciplines,includingtophilosophy,astronomy,physics,geometry,politics,and,ofcourse,geography.2.Eratosthenes(276BC-194BC)wasaGreekmathematician,poet,athlete,geographerandastronomer.Around250BC,whileheadoftheAlexandriaLibraryandMuseum,hemadethefirstscientifically-basedestimateoftheearth’scircumference.EratosthenesheardofadeepwellatSyene,about500milessouthofAlexandria,Egypt.Thebottomofthewellwasilluminatedbythesunonlyonthesummersolstice(June21),soheconcludedthatthesunmustbedirectlyoverheadonthatday.Ifthesun’srayswereparallelandtheearthwasspherical,theangleoftheshadowcastfromaverticalcolumninAlexandriaonthesamedaycouldbeusedtocalculateearth’scircumference,ifthenorth-southdistancetoSyenewereknown.OnthenextsummersolsticeEratosthenesfoundtheshadowanglefromanobeliskinAlexandriatobe7°12′(1/50thofacircle),soheconcludedthatthedistancebetweenAlexandriaandSyeneis1/50thoftheearth’scircumference.HewastoldthatSyenewasabout5,000stadia(200to210modernyards)southofAlexandria,sohecomputedtheearth’scircum-ferenceas50×5,000stadia,or28,400to29,800modernmiles,justalittlegreaterthanthecurrentvalueof24,874statutemiles.3.ClaudiusPtolemaeus(Ptolemy)(c.85-c.165)ClaudiusPtolemaeus(knowninEnglishas“Ptolemy”)“Geographia”recordedclassicalGreekgeographicknowledgeinthesecondcenturyA.D.andwasthechiefsourceforcartographicpublicationsintheearlyRenaissanceera.Itremainedthecartographicconventionuntil;Ortelius’s“Theatrum”waspublishedinthe1500′s.Ptolemy’scompiledwhatwasknownabouttheworld’sgeographyintheRomanEmpireduringhistimeinto“Geographia”.Hereliedabitontheworkofanearliergeographer,MarinosofTyre,andongazetteersoftheRomanandancientPersianEmpire,butmostofhissourcesbeyondtheperimeteroftheEmpirewereunreliable.Ptolemywasthealsotheauthorofotherscientifictreatises;“Geographia”isoneofthreethatwereofcontinuingimportancetolaterIslamicandEuropeanscience.Thefirstwasanastronomicaltreatisenowknownas“TheGreatTreatise”,originally“MathematicalTreatise”).Thesecondwas“Geographia”.Thethirdwasanastrologicaltreatiseknownasthe“FourBooks”inwhichheattemptedtoadapthoroscopicastrologytotheAristoteliannaturalphilosophyofhisday.“Ptolemaeus”isaGreekname.BeyondhisbeingconsideredamemberofAlexandria’sGreeksociety,fewdetailsofPtolemy’slifeareknown.4.Gemma-Frisius(1508-1555)bornRegnierGemma,hewasanativeofFriesland(acoastalprovinceinnorthernNetherlands).HeadoptedaLatinversionofhisname(Frisius)whenhebecameascholar.ADutchmathematician,astronomer,andgeographer,heisperhapsbestknownforhistheoreticaldescriptionofhowtocalculatelongitudeusingportableclockslongbeforeitwasactuallypossibletodoso.Hedescribedthistheoryinasec