3-4科技英语写作表达

复习June1st,2011一.科技英语的特点•1文体•力求平易、客观和精确，避免行文晦涩、表露感情、刻意修辞等；•陈述句多，感叹句、疑问句少。•2时态•叙述过去的研究常用过去时，间或也用现在完成时；•Anisochoricequilibriumcellwasusedformeasuringthesolid-vapor-liquidequilibriumconditions.•TheapparatushasbeenusedbyseveralgroupsattheUniversity.•论述无时间性的理论部分用现在时。•IncreasingtheTBABconcentrationdecreasestherequiredpressureforsemiclathrateformation.•3词汇方面•专业词汇•semiconductorpositiveatmosphericpiston•cholesterolcardiovascularsupercritical•negligiblemanuresfertilizerscontradicting•conventional•专业词汇•贡献、预测、确保、•可用的、必需的、•缺乏、可靠、偏差•化工中间体、偶联剂、(重要)意义、(重要)作用、•4句式方面•1）复合句（长句）注意使用连词，句中用逗号连接。•And，although，soasto,exceptthat……,however,•2）被动句•无主语，要将宾语变成主语。•！！切忌使用祈使句和无主句•TopreventCa3(PO4)2toprecipitateinNa3PO4solution,chooseammoniumacetateasbuffersolution.•3）名词化结构•Communicate，communication，communicating•Measure，measurement，measuring（不同名词化的衍生词，含义略有不同，过程和结果）•Estimate，estimation，estimating•4）非谓语动词（非限定动词）•包括：•不定式作主语–Toconfirmthereliabilityofourexperimentalmethodandtheaccuracyoftheobtaineddata,thedissociationofmethanehydratewasobserved……–Itisnecessarytodo……•分词作句子成分（包括主语、宾语、定语、状语等）–现在分词作主语：Emittinginfraredraysisanimportantwayforthehumanbodytogiveoutsurplusheat–过去分词作状语：Writteninahurry,thisarticlewasnotsogood.•5）后置定语•Theerrorintroducedduringthisstepcorrespondstoapproximately30ppmindensity.(过去分词作定语)二.翻译的要点•换词性、调词序；•灵活自然，阅读意群、不急于下笔•Anisochoricequilibriumcellwasusedformeasuringthesolid-vapor-liquidequilibriumconditions–使用等容平衡池测定固-气-液平衡状态•theuseofahighvolumeofvolatileorganicdiluents–挥发性有机溶剂的使用•找准中心词，适当增减译：•发展了许多分析修正(analyticalcorrections)手段，以消除实际设备与理想设备之间的分歧(departure)。•Manyoftheanalyticalcorrectionsweredevelopedtoeliminatethedepartureofapracticalinstrumentfromtheidealone.三.科技语法的功能•1常用状语从句•一般条件状语从句•If/Unless……，itwillnot/itwill•限定条件从句：•providedthat,•onconditionthat,•onlyif,•incase,•solongas,aslongas•假设状语从句•Beassumedthat……,•theassumptionismadethat……,•assumingthat……,•目的状语从句•Todo,inorderto,soasto,•inorderthat,that,incase,therefore……•withtheaimof,•原因状语从句•Because,since,as,for…….，•Becauseof,onaccountof,owingto,•bedueto，becauseof，Inviewof，by/invirtueof•让步状语从句•though/although,inspiteof(thefactthat),•2状语从句的省略•1)复合句子主语相同，省略其中一个主语，并变为非独立句，例如：–Beforethesteamentersthenozzle(喷嘴),itisatveryhighpressure.•省略为：–Beforeenteringthenozzle,thesteamisatveryhighpressure.•2)两句主语相同，可将一个主语用代词替换，加入适当连词–Itiscondensedassoonasthewaterpassesoverthemetaltubes.•把连词换成介词短语，则可以进一步简化：–Thewateriscondensedafterpassingoverthemetaltubes.•3)定语从句变成过去分词定语短语，省略连接词which（is/was）–Thepowerwhichisdemandedfrommodernturbinesiscontinuallyincreasing.–→Thepowerdemandedfrommodernturbinesiscontinuallyincreasing.•3问题、叙述和分析方面•1）“考虑”：consider,consideration,reconsider(重新考虑，再斟酌),study,weigh,think,reflect(反映),onreflection(经过思考),takeintoaccount(考虑(注意,顾及,体谅),contemplate(注视,沉思,打算),deliberate(仔细考虑,研讨,深思熟虑)……•Considersth/that•ConsideringthepotentialapplicationofsuchATPS,thephasediagramsdatawasmeasured.•Inordertoarriveatacorrectconclusion,allfactorsinvolvedshouldbetakenintoaccount.•2）“需要”•Need,require,must,necessary,essential,necessitate,requisite,want,desire,•作定语时有“必需物”之意，如：–requiredsolution必需的解决方案；–desiredmodel所需模型；–essentialinformation基本信息•接不定式、介词短语表示目的：(主语非人)•Thepressureof5atmisrequiredtoformsemi-clathrates.•Thepressurerequiredforformingsemi-clathratesis5atm.•主语从句•Itisnecessary/desired/essential/required/+that……should/或虚拟语气……•3）“要求”（因权利或需要）•Claim,require,ask,demand•宾语从句–Sb.claim/require/demand+that……should/或虚拟语气……•名词作定语：–thedemand/requirementofLibyatoholdanextraordinarymeeting•形容词作定语：所要求的–hisclaimedbeer•4）“可能性”（）•Possible(adj.),possibility(n.),possibly(adv.)•Perhaps(adv.),likely(adv.)•may/might•用下列词组引导条件状语从句–If……should;–Intheeventof;–Incasethat/incaseof;•5）“相同”（类似）•Similar/similarto,like(prep.),as,identical,parallel,alike,same,comparable……•Similarresults•BeSimilartotheresults•6）例外、另外•Except(that),excepting,exception,but,butfor,without,besides,apartfrom,inadditionto……–Exceptsth.–Exceptthat……–只有少数例外–withafewexceptions•but：•but从句（可省略主语）•并列成分but并列成分•Largerbutlighter•Without+名词词性•Withoutpurification/deviation/thesupport•Besides•Besides,+从句•Besidessth•7）不同（用于两种结果、趋势、数值的比较）•Differ：不同，种类、特性或观点的不同•differfrom•Differentfrom/than……•differencebetween……and……•sthisdifferentforeachsample•因…而独特–todistinguishsbselfas……•区分–Todistinguishbetween……and……–distinguish……from……•Various•variouspressures/methods/temperatures•8)决定•Decide,determine,determination,resolve,settle,makeupone’smind……•Decide:•Todecide+从句（that或特殊疑问句从句）•Decidetodo•Determine：–factorsdeterminethekineticenergyofamovingobject.–Thehardnessdeterminesitsresistance.–Experimentaldetermination–experimentallydetermined•9）困难、难题•Problem,question,issue,difficulty,solve,solution,resolve……•10）表明、指出、表现出：•Express,show,showup,display,indicate,reveal,pointout,exhibit,•Beexpressedas……•Expression•AsShown/displayedinfig1•Indicate•First,theenergywell(Figure4E)foundforringIIbyMP2calculationsindicatedthatanegativeforceexistsbetweentheSeO32-anionandringII.•torevealsth•Itis/wasrevealedthat……•Theresultreveals/revealedthat……..•researches/studies/datademonstratedthat……•11)报导提及•Report；state；menti