英语：2011届语法复习课件(虚拟语气1)

虚拟语气虚拟语气概述虚拟语气用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。例如：IfIhadtime,Iwouldcertainlygotothemoviewithyou.IwishIwereawhitecloud.虚拟语气的表现形式虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。例如：1.Godblessyou.2.Ifhewerehere,hewouldknowwhattodo.3.Ifyouhadcomealittleearlier,youwouldhavemether.4.Shesuggestedthatweshouldkeepemailingeachother.5.Theyshouldhavearrivedbynow.6.ShouldIhavetime,Iwouldreadthebookagain.7.IwishIhadn’tdonethat.8.Hetalkedasifhehadseenitwithhisowneyes.虚拟语气的用法虚拟语气用在非真实条件句中虚拟语气用在宾语从句中虚拟语气用在表语从句、同位语从句中虚拟语气用在主语从句中wish和asif/though后的虚拟语气虚拟语气用在其他句型中虚拟语气用于非真实条件句真实条件句VS非真实条件句试比较：Ifitrainstomorrow,we’llhavetostayathome.IfIwereyou,Iwouldaccepttheoffer.虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的假设通常有三种情况：①与过去事实相反②与现在事实相反③与将来事实可能相反。非真实条件句中谓语动词形式条件从句主句与现在事实相反Ifsb.+过去式（be的过去式是were）sb.+would(should,could,might)+动词原形与过去事实相反Ifsb.+haddonesb.+would(should,could,might)+havedone与将来事实可能相反Ifsb.+A.过去式B.weretodoC.should+动词原形sb.+would(should,could,might)+动词原形与现在事实相反（例句）IfIwererichenough,Iwouldtravelaroundtheworld.假如我很富有，我就会周游世界。(ThefactisthatIcan’ttravelaroundtheworldbecauseIdon’thaveenoughmoney.)IfIhadacar,Ishouldbeveryhappy.假如我有一辆汽车，我应该很高兴。IfIwereabird,Icouldflyfreelyinthesky.假如我是一只鸟儿，我就会在空中自由飞翔。与过去事实相反（例句）IfIhadknownhertelephonenumber,Iwouldhavecalledher.假如我当时知道她的电话号码，我就会给她打了电话。(ThefactisthatIdidn’tcallherbecauseIdidn’tknowhertelephonenumber.)Ifhehadgotupearlier,hecouldhavecaughtthetrain.假如他早点起身的话，他本来能赶上那趟火车。与将来事实可能相反（例句）IfsheweretomarryJack,shewouldbehappy.如果她嫁给杰克，她会幸福的。IfIshouldgoabroad,IwouldgotoAmerica.假如我要出国，我就会去美国。snowed(常用形式)Ifitweretosnow(可能性较小)tomorrow,Ishouldsnow(可能性较大)should(would)stayathome.友情提醒1.错综时间条件句在错综时间条件句中，虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式。例如：Ifyouhadlistenedtotheteachercarefullyinclass,youwouldknowwhattodonow.（过去现在）IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’thavemissedthefilmlastnight.(现在过去)Iftheyhadlefthomeinearlymorning,theywouldarriveinhalfanhour.(过去将来)IfMaryshouldarrivetoday,shemusthavestartedthreedaysago.(将来过去)2.If的省略条件句中如有were,should,had，可以省去if，而把were,should,had放在主语前，用倒装结构。例如：Wereitnecessary,hewouldresign.Shouldhefail,hewouldnevergetanotherchance.Hadtheymet20yearsearlier,theywouldhaveachievedgreatersuccess.虚拟语气用于宾语从句表示“要求、建议、命令”等动词后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气从句中用“should+动词原形”构成。而且should可以省去。用于此结构的动词常见的有：advise,ask,demand,decide,desire,insist,order,prefer,propose,request,suggest,recommend等。例如：Isuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.我建议会议延期举行。Thedoctororderedthatshe(should)stayinbedforafewdays.医生要她卧床休息几天。Theydemandedthattheirpay(should)beraised.他们要求增加工资。友情提醒1.表示“要求、建议、命令”等动词后面的宾语从句中谓语动词所表示的动作均没有发生，这些“要求、建议、命令”等是否会执行尚不得而知。再如：Theyrequiredthatthebookshouldbereturnedimmediately.Hesuggestedthatwegoforanoutingthisweekend.2.insist作“力言”、“强调”，suggest作“暗示”、“表明”等解时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气。例如：Thefarmerinsistedthathehadneverseenthecamel.Hispalefacesuggeststhatheisfrightened.虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句在suggestion，proposal，order,decision,plan，idea，advice，desire等需要有内涵的名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中，要使用虚拟语气。其谓语动词用动词原形或should＋动词原形。例如：Mysuggestionisthatweshouldgothereatonce.WhatdoyouthinkofhisproposalthatweshouldputonaplayattheEnglishevening?AnorderhascomethatnolanguagebutGermanshouldbetaughtinthelocalschool.虚拟语气用于主语从句1.Itbe+形容词+that…(should)….用于该句型的形容词主要有：necessary,good,important,right,wrong,better,natural,proper,funny,strange,surprising等。necessaryimportantnaturalstrangeItisimportantthatweshouldmasteraforeignlanguage.It‘snecessarythatweshouldbansmokinginallpublicplaces.It‘snaturalthatsheshouldcomeandtakecareofheragedparents.2.Itbe+过去分词+that…（should）...用于该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命令”等词的过去分词。如：desired，suggested,requested,ordered，required,proposed等。例如：Itisrequiredbylawthateveryfamilyshouldsendtheirchildoftherightagetoschool.Itisproposedthatparentstakecareoftheirchild’ssafety.Itisrequestedthateveryguestarriveattherestaurantby8pm.wish和asif/though后的虚拟语气1.动词wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气。与现在事实相反，用were或动词的过去式；与过去事实相反，用had+过去分词或would/couldhave+过去分词；表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would/should(could,might)+动词原形。例如：Idon’tknowherphonenumber,butIwishIknewherphonenumber.IwishIhadtakenyouradvice.Iwishyouwouldgowithustomorrow.与当时（或更早的过去）事实相反的事情请比较下列两句：Youworktoohard;Iwishyoudidn’tworksohard.（现在希望与现在事实相反的事情）Youworkedtoohard;Iwishedyoudidn’tworksohard.（过去希望与当时事实相反的事情）再如：过去希望与当时事实相反的事情Hewassoillthathewishedthatheweredead.过去希望与更早的过去事实相反的事情IwishedIhadn’tspentsomuchmoney.IwishedIhadtakenyouradvice.asif/thoughasif/though引导的方式状语从句或表语从句，有时用虚拟语气。从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去式；表示与过去事实相反，had+过去分词；表示可能性不大，用would(might,could)+动词原形。例如：Hetalksasifheknewallaboutit.Youlookasifyouhadseenaghost.Itlooksasthoughitmightrain.在虚拟语气中，无论主句中动词是现在时还是过去时，只要asif/though从句所指的时间与其同时，都用过去式，若非同时而是较早，或表示已经持续了若干时间，则用过去完成式。例如：HeorderedmeaboutasthoughIwerehiswife.IwassohappythatIfeltasifIhadwingsandcouldfly.Helookedasifhehadn’thadadecentmealforamonth.注意asif/though从句中用陈述语气与虚拟语气的区别。试比较：Hewalksasifheisdrunk.(=Heisprobablydrunk.)Hewalksasifheweredrunk.(=Hewalksasifheweredrunk,butheisnot.)虚拟语气用于其他句型1.无“条件”的虚拟语气句所谓无“条件”，指的是句子表层没有通常使用的if等引起的表示条件的句子，但其深层结构或是上下文中还是有条件的。这种条件可以用介词、名词、连词、分词、不定式、定语从句或上下文等来表示出来。常用的表示无“条件”的词有：with,without,butfor,or,but,otherwise,incaseof等。这种句子往往是有主句而无从