瑞士能源与气候变化研究2005-2007

ENERGYandCLIMATECHANGEStudy2005–2007PolicyReportSWITZERLANDsubmittedbyReinhardMadlener1Preliminaryversionasof19May2006Contact:Dr.ReinhardMadlenerCEPE,ETHZurichZürichbergstrasse18(ZUEE)CH-8032Zurich,SwitzerlandTel.:[phone]Fax:[e-mail](e.g.regardingthepromotionofrenewablesorenergyefficiency)wheneverlegislationdoesnotspecificallytransferthecompetencetothefederalgovernment.Thelatteristhecasefornuclearpower,energyissuesrelatedtotransport,andCO2policy-making.DespitethefactthatSwitzerlandplaysanimportantroleintheinternationalenergyresearcharenainanumberofdisciplines,thanksmainlytotheSwissFederalInstitutesofTechnology(ETHDomain),anumberoftopuniversities,andprivateresearchinstitutions,ithasneverthelessstruggledinseveralareastogainandmaintainacompetitiveedgeandtoputeffectiveandefficientenergyandclimatepoliciesinplace.Amajorreasonliesintheslowandoftencumbersomepoliticalsystem,whichisstronglyinfluencedbythecountry’sfederaliststructure.Inparticular,inmanycasesthe26cantonshaveimposedtheirownpoliciesandregulation,oftenpartiallycomplementingfederalpoliciesandregulation,sothatexistingsupportprogrammesareoftenquiteheterogeneous.However,adetailedaccountofthisheterogeneitymustbebeyondthescopeofthisoverviewreport.2LEGALFRAMEWORKANDGLOBALTARGETS2.1KyotoProtocolSwitzerlandisoneoftheearlysignatorycountriesoftheKyotoProtocol,whichenteredintoforceon6February2005.On23March2005,theSwissFederalCouncilannouncedthattheobligationofSwitzerlandundertheKyotoProtocol(-8%ofGHGemissionsby2008/12,relativeto1990)hastobemetbyacombinationoftargetedpolicymeasures:•IntroductionofaCO2levyonfossilfuelsforstationaryuse(35CHF2pertonneofCO2),asforeseenintheCO2Act2000(seesection2.2below);•Provisionalintroductionofaclimatecentime(“Klimarappen”)onfossilmotorfuels(cf.section3.1).Here,theFederalCouncildeclaredthatitwantstogivethisoption–whichwasputforwardbytradeandindustryrepresentatives–achance.Ifitdoesnothaveasufficientimpactby2007,theFederalCouncilmayintroduceaCO2levyonfossilmotorfuels,asforeseenintheCO2Act.Revenuesfromcollectingtheclimatecentimearetobeinvestedcost-effectivelyinemissionstradingandinclimatechangemitigationprojectsinothercountries,whileacertainportionisalsotobeusedforsuitableclimateprotectionmeasuresinSwitzerland.2.2CO2Act(2000)TheSwissCO2Actenteredintoforceon1May2000.Itstipulatesthatby2010theemissionsofCO2mustbereducedto10%belowthe1990level.Forfossilmotorfuelstheobjectiveisareductionof8%,whileforfossilfuelsforstationaryuses,areductionof15%isforeseen(CO2Act2000).21SwissFranc(1CHF=100Rappen)equalsabout0.66Eurosor0.81USD.2MeasurestoreduceCO2emissionsincludeaconsumption-dependentheavydutyvehicletax(“verbrauchsabhängigeSchwerverkehrsabgabe”),theEnergyLaw(Energiegesetz),andtheEnergyProgrammeandActionPlan“SwissEnergy”(seesection2.3below).IfitturnsoutthatSwitzerlandisnotontracktomeetitsKyototargetsviathevoluntarymeasuresforeseenaspartoftheSwissEnergyProgramme,thentheCO2ActstipulatesthataCO2levyofbetween35-210CHF/tCO2maybeintroduced(in2004attheearliest,whichdidnothappen).2.3EnergyProgramme“SwissEnergy”(„EnergieSchweiz“)SwissEnergy,anEnergyProgrammeandActionPlan,waslaunchedin2001,succeedingtheProgramme“Energy2000”(“Energie2000”)(cf.SFOE,2001;2003).TheobjectivesofSwissEnergyaretoreducetheconsumptionoffossilfuels,toslowdownthegrowthofelectricitydemand,andtoincreasethecontributionofrenewablestoenergysupply(seesection3.5).ThespecifictargetsoftheSwissEnergyProgrammeandActionPlanareto:•reduceconsumptionoffossilfuelsbyabout10%,comparedto1990;•capelectricitydemandgrowthat5%,comparedto2000;•increasetheuseofrenewableenergiesinheatproductionbyabout3,000GWh(+3%);•increasetheuseofrenewableenergiesinelectricityproductionbyabout500GWh(+1%).Thetargetsaretobereachedbymeansofextensiveco-operationwithboththecantonsandtheprivatesector.ThemainelementsofSwissEnergyarevoluntaryagreements;fundingmeasuresfavouringenergyconservation;promotionofrenewables;disseminationofresearchinformation;andenergyconsumptionstandardsforbuildings,equipment,andvehicles.Subordinatedtargetsare:(1)buildingmodernisation,(2)renewableenergies,(3)energy-efficientdevicesandengines,(4)rationalenergyandwasteheatuseineconomy,and(5)energy-efficientandlow-emissionmobility.2.4OtherOtherenergylawsanddecreesworthmentioningaretheElectricityAct(EleG)of1902,theEnergyAct(EnG)of1999,theEnergyOrdinance(EnV)of1999,andtheNuclearEnergyAct(KEG)of2003(seethereferencelistforpublicationdetails).3POLICYINSTRUMENTS3.1ClimateCentime(„Klimarappen“)Theclimatecentime,asurchargeonmotorfuels,wasin