词汇学--词的意义及理据

Week7SandyOutline1.WordMeaning词义2.Motivationsofmeaning词的理据–词的意义究竟指什么？–这个词为什么是这个意思？关于词义的一些基本理论和基本概念1.wordsdefinedasthings2.wordsdefinedasreference1wordsdefinedasthings•Wordmeaningcanbedefinedasareciprocalrelationbetweennameandmeaning.•‘Meaning’iswhattheformstandsfor.•意义指的是它代表的内容。•e.g.desk:somethingyousitatandyoudoyourwork.•所指关系•relationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld;betweenwordsandthethings,actions,events,andqualitiestheystandfor.Bymeansofreference,aspeakerindicateswhichthingsintheworld(includingpersons)arebeingtalkedabout.•Forexample,theword‘tree’referstotheobject‘tree’.2wordsdefinedasreference1.Inotherwords,onlywhenaconnectionhasbeenestablishedbetweenthelinguisticsign（语言符号）andareferent（所指物）,i.e.,anobject,aphenomenon,aperson,etc.doesthesignbecomemeaningful.2.Thereferenceofawordtoathingoutsidethelanguageisarbitrary（随意的）andconventional（约定俗成的）.Thisconnectionistheresultofgeneralization（归纳）andabstraction（抽象）.SemanticTriangle语义三角意义（概念）Meaning(Concept)词Word形式Form所指对象ReferenttreeWhatisconcept?Itisthegeneralideaormeaningwhichisassociatedwithawordorsymbolinaperson’smind.指词或符号在人脑中的大致印象或意义。TreeMeaningandConcept：difference•closelyconnectedbutnotidentical（关系密切、并不相同）•Theyarebothrelateddirectlytoreferentsandarenotionsofthewordsbutbelongtodifferentcategories.•Concept,whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.•Conceptisuniversaltoallmenalikeregardlessofculture,race,languageandsoon.•Butmeaningbelongstolanguage,soisrestrictedtolanguageuse.•Aconceptcanhaveasmanyreferringexpressionsastherearelanguagesintheworld.Eveninthesamelanguage,thesameconceptcanbeexpressedindifferentwords.•概念属于人类认知领域思维领域；•意义属于语言领域。WordsandReferents1.专有名词无词义，有所指对象；不同的专有名词指同一个对象；2.少数词有词义，无所指对象；•propernamestypicallyhaveonlyonereferenceBarackHusseinObamabutithaslittlelinguisticmeaningSometimestwodifferentpropernameshavethesamereferent.MarkTwainSamuelLanghorneClemenshobbitsunicornHarryPotterSomewordsjustdon’thavereferentsinrealworld,buttheymakesense,but,whatissense?有些词虽然在现实世界中没有具体对象，但它们却有意义。什么是意义？Sense•语义•词或句子本身所表示的语言本身的意义。即，词义和句义。•每个有词义的词都有语义，但不一定有所指称的事物（reference）。reference&sense:differenceSensedenotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.Referencedenotestherelationshipbetweenwordsandthethings,actions,events,andqualitiestheystandfor.Everywordthathasmeaninghassensebutnoteverywordhasreference.e.g:but,almost.Thesegrammaticalwordsdonotrefertoanything.AndwordslikeGod,dragonandphoenixrefertoimaginarythings.LimitationsofReferenceTheory1.Manywordshavenoreal-worldreferents.Yetspeakersdoknowthemeaningsoftheseexpressions.2.Similarly,functionwordshavenoreal-worldentitiestoreferto.Conceptsrelated1.WordMeaning词义2.Sense语义3.Reference所指4.Referent所指物5.Concept概念2MotivationofWordMeaning1.Whatismotivation理据?•Itreferstotheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.•理据解释语言符号与意义之间的关系。MotivationofWordMeaning1.onamatopoeiamotivation拟声2.morphologicmotivation形态3.semanticmotivation语义4.etymologicmotivation词源1.OnomatopoeicMotivation拟声理据•Itmeanstheimitationofsoundsbysounds.（语言对声音的模仿）•Wordscoinedinimitationofthesoundsassociatedwiththethingsnamedarecalledonomatopoeia.OnomatopoeicMotivation1.Primaryonomatopoeia–Primaryonomatopoeiameanstheimitationofsoundsbysounds.ApesBearsBullsCatsEaglesFrogsGoatsgibbergrowlbellowmew(purr)scream.croak.bleat.•Henscluck.Larkswarble•LionsroarMagpieschatter.•MicesqueakOwlshoot(screech)•pigeonscoo.Pigssqueal.•Snakeshiss.Wolveshowl.•Turkeysgobble.Soundmadebymetal：clash,clank,ting,tinkle,clang,jangle,ding-dong,tick-tackSoundbyliquid：splash,bubble,sizz,sizzle,splish-splosh,drip-drop2.SecondaryOnomatopoeia–Itmeansthatcertainsoundsandsoundsequencesareassociatedwithcertainsensesinanexpressiverelationship.Sn-1)breath-noise:sniff,snuff,snore,snort2)quickseparationormovement:snip,snap,snatch3)creeping:snake,snail,sneak,snoopSl-1)slippery:slide,slip,slither,slush,sluice,sludge2)pejorativesense:slattern,slut,slang,sly,sloppy,slovenlySk-:与表面接触：skate,skim,skin,skid,skimp-ump:表示圆形体：plump,chump,rump,hump,stump,dump,mump/h/表示猛烈使劲时的气喘声：heavy,haste,hurry,hit,heave,hoarse,hurl等Wh-表示“剧烈”的拟声词：wham,whang,whap,whop,wheeze,whicker,whinny,whomp,whoop•Wordswhichwereformedbymeansofmorphologicalstructurebelongtothecategoryofmotivationbymorphology.•Compoundsandderivedwordsaremulti-morphemicwordsandthemeaningsofmanyofthemarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombined.2.Morphologicalmotivation形态理据1.Whenwetalkedaboutderivationalaffixes,wesaidmostofthemhaveaspecificmeaning,andwhenaddedtoaroot,theyderiveanewword.2.Ifoneknowsthemeaningoftheaffixandtheroot,say–ableandread,thenonecanimmediatelytellthatthemeaningofthewordreadableis“thatcanberead”.3.Wesaythewordismorphologicallymotivated,foradirectconnectioncanbeobservedbetweenthemorphemicstructureofthewordanditsmeaning.lCompoundwordsmaybemorphologicallymotivatedtoo.Themeaningofwordslikegood-looking,headache,daydreamandmanyothersderivefromthecombinedmeaningofthecomponentparts.lHowever,notallcompoundsaremotivated.Wecannotinferthemeaningofwordslikebigwig,eggheadfromtheircomponentparts.•Itreferstothementalassoc