英语基础_Basic_English_Lecture_9_Subject_Verb_Agreemen

Lecture9PrepositionsSubjectVerbAgreementWhatisPreposition?•Aprepositionisawordplacedbeforeanounorapronountoshowinwhatrelationthepersonorthingdenotedbyitstandsinregardtosomethingelse.•Joinsanounorpronountoanotherwordtoindicatesomerelationbetweenthenounorpronounandthatotherword.Basically,wehave4commoncategoriesofprepositions:•PrepositionofPlaceorPosition•PrepositionofDirection•PrepositionofTime•Others:-•PrepositionofPurpose•PrepositionofAssociation•PrepositionofSimilarity•PrepositionofAgent•PrepositionofAccompaniment•PrepositionofMeasure•PrepositionusedwithmeansoftransportPrepositionofPlaceorPositionnearinonbybetweeninfrontofatunderbehindabovenexttoamongPrepositionsofplace•Ingeneral,weuse:•atforaPOINT•inforanENCLOSEDSPACE•onforaSURFACEatinonPointEnclosedSpaceSurfaceatthecornerinthegardenonthewallatthebusstopinLondonontheceilingatthedoorinFranceonthedoorattheentranceinmywalletonthecarpetatthecrossroadsinabuildingonthemenuatthebottominahelicopteronapagePrepositionofDirectionoutofintotofromdownaroundalongtowardsoverupontoacrossConsiderthefollowing…•Whichiscorrect?1.Sheturnedherpaperintotheteacher.2.Sheturnedherpaperintotheteacher.1.Mycarranoutofpetrol,soIturnedintoapetrolstation.2.Mycarranoutofpetrol,soIturnedintoapetrolstation.PrepositionofTimeinonatbyforfromaftersinceuntilbeforeduringwithinPrepositionoftime(con’t)Weuse:•atforaPRECISETIME•inforMONTHS,YEARS,CENTURIESandLONGPERIODS•onforDAYSandDATESatinonPreciseTimeMonths,Years,Centuries&LongPeriodDaysandDatesat3o’clockinMayonSundayat10.30aminsummeronTuesdayatnooninthesummeron6Marchatdinnertimein1990on25Dec.2010atsunriseintheIceAgeonmybirthdayatthemomentinthepast/futureonNewYear’sEveSomespecialcases•Inthemorning,intheafternoon,intheevening,butatnight•Inthemorning/afternoon/evening(duration)•Atmorning-time,evening-time,night-time/night/noon.(specifictimes)•Exception:Somethinghappensduringthenighte.g.Iheardastrangehowlin/duringthenightandcouldn’tgobacktosleepafterthat.Atnightisashortenedformof(atthetimeofnight)OtherPrepositions•PrepositionofPurposefor,sothat,inorderto•PrepositionofAssociationbetween,among•PrepositionofSimilaritylike,as…as•PrepositionofAgentby,from•PrepositionofAccompanimentwith•PrepositionofMeasureof•Prepositionusedwithmeansoftransportby,on,in•Howtoformphrasalverb?VERB+PREPOSITION[putup,takeover]•Certainverbsareusedwithspecificprepositionstoconveycertainmeanings.•Aphrasalverbsometimescarriesmorethanonemeaning.[e.g.takeoff]•Someverbscanformupto10ormorephrasalverbsusingdifferentprepositions.[e.g.put]CommonPhrasalVerbsLECTURE9:SUBJECT-VERBAGREEMENTITEM/ENTITYTALKEDABOUTMATCH:SINGULAR/PLURALTENSEACTIONWORDe.g.Therichmandonatesmoneytocharity.Hiswifedoesthesamethingtoo.e.g.Malaysiansarecaringpeople.Theydonategenerouslytothetsunamivictims..1)ASingularverbfollowsasingularsubjectandapluralverbfollowsapluralsubject2a)When2ormoresingularsubjectsarejoinedbytheconjunction‘and’apluralverbisusedExample•Therichmanandhiswifedonatemoneytocharity.•JohnandMathewsingwell.•LeslieandSamstudyhardforthetest2b)Phrasessuchas“togetherwith,aswellas”,“accompaniedby”and“alongwith”donotaffecttheactualnumberofthesubjectbeforethem.Inthiscase,theverbwillagreewiththemainsubjectbeforethesephrases.•Jim,togetherwithhissister,isleavingforKorea.•Themanager,aswellastheemployees,hastogoforthebloodtest.•ThePresident,aswellas,hisministershasagreedtogoaheadwiththeplans.Exercise11.Thehungryfarmersell/sellsallhisgoatssothathischildrendo/doesnothavetostarve.2.EveryyeartownsnearthePerakriveris/areaffectedbythefloodsandthevillagersmove/movestohighergrounds.Lastyearanoldmantrappedinhishousewas/wererescuedbythepolice.3.Thecaptainandhisofficerssteer/steerstheTitanicawayfromtherocks;butunfortunatelytheshipis/arehitbyafloatingiceberg.Thecaptainadvise/adviseshiscrewtoabandontheship.3a)Asingularverbisusedwithasubjectafter“neither”and“either”e.g.NeitherofthetwotrafficlightsisworkingEitherdressisfinewithme.3b)When2subjectsarejoinedbyeither…or/neither…nor/notonly…butalso,theverbagreeswiththesubjectclosesttoit.e.g.NeitherLisanorhersisterisinterested.NeitherLisanorhersistersareinterested,NotonlythestudentsbutalsothelecturerhastobeearlyforclassonaSaturdaymorning4.a)Theindefinitepronounssuchas“anyone”“anybody”,“someone”,“somebody”,“none”,“anything”,“everybody”,“everyone”,“noone”,“nobody”,“nothing”requiresingularverbs•Everyonelikesdurians•Someonehastakenmydictionary•Noneofthestudentshasdonetheassignments4.b)Whensubjectsfollow“each”,“every”and“oneof”,asingularverbisused•Everyboyandeverygirlhastopayfortheentranceticket•Eachofthestudentsisresponsibleforthesuccessorfailureoftheevent.4.c)Theindefinitepronounssuchas“all”and“somecanbesingularorpluraldependingonwhethertheyarereferringtocountableoruncountablenouns.•Someoftheumbrellasaremissing•Someofthericeisstale4d)Whenthesubjectsareseparatedby“allbut”and“both…and”,apluralverbisused•Allbutthelecturerhaveleftthelecturehall.•BothMelissaandPaulineenjoysinginganddancingExercise21.Thereis/areaflyinmysoup.2.Nooneis/arepermittedtoborrowthebooksondisplay.3.Thereis/aref