违约及其法律救济方法

WWLEE第十四章违约及其法律救济方法WWLEE第一节一般原则WWLEE一、违约的含义BreachofContract指合同的一方当事人没有履行或没有完全履行合同规定的义务的行为。出合同或法律上规定的属于不可抗力原因造成者外，违约方要承担违约责任。WWLEE二、各国法律对违约的不同规定（一）关于构成违约的条件方面WWLEE二、各国法律对违约的不同规定（二）关于违约的形式方面1.大陆法的规定不履行债务延迟履行债务WWLEE二、各国法律对违约的不同规定（二）关于违约的形式方面2.英国法的规定BreachofCondition:essential,rootBreachofWarranty:subsidiaryorcollateral中间条件WWLEE二、各国法律对违约的不同规定（二）关于违约的形式方面2.美国法的规定MinorBreachofContractMaterialBreachofContractWWLEE二、各国法律对违约的不同规定（二）关于违约的形式方面4.《公约》的规定CISGA25FundamentalBreachofContractNon-fundamentalBreachofContractWWLEE二、各国法律对违约的不同规定（二）关于违约的形式方面4.《公约》的规定CISGA25Abreachofcontractcommittedbyoneofthepartiesisfundamentalifitresultsinsuchdetrimenttotheotherpartyassubstantiallytodeprivehimofwhatheisentitledtoexpectunderthecontract,unlessthepartyinbreachdidnotforeseeandareasonablepersonofthesamekindinthesamecircumstanceswouldnothaveforeseensucharesult.WWLEE二、各国法律对违约的不同规定（二）关于违约的形式方面4.《公约》的规定CISGA25根本性违约的条件：◇违约造成的损害程度detriment;substantiallytodeprive◇可否预知损害的后果theparty;areasonablepersonWWLEE案例分析有一美国公司A向外国一贸易商B购买一批火鸡，供应圣诞节市场。合同规定卖方应在9月底以前装船。但是卖方违反合同，推迟到10月7日才装船。结果圣诞节销售时机已过，火鸡难以销售。因此，买方A拒收货物，并主张撤销合同。请问，在这种情况下，买方有无拒收货物和撤销合同的权利？WWLEE二、各国法律对违约的不同规定（二）关于违约的形式方面4.《公约》的规定CISGA25两个时间概念：◇“根据合同有权得到的东西”的时间◇不可预知的确立时间WWLEE二、各国法律对违约的不同规定（二）关于违约的形式方面4.《公约》的规定CISGA25根本性违约的主要情形：A46;A49(1);A64(1);A70;A72;A73WWLEE三、违约的救济方法（一）实际履行（二）损害赔偿（三）解除合同WWLEE第二节对卖方违约的救济方法WWLEECISGA30Thesellermustdeliverthegoods,handoveranydocumentsrelatingtothemandtransferthepropertyinthegoods,asrequiredbythecontractandthisConvention.WWLEE一、卖方不交货（一）要求实际履行CISGA46(1)Thebuyermayrequireperformancebythesellerofhisobligationsunlessthebuyerhasresortedtoaremedywhichisinconsistentwiththisrequirement.WWLEE一、卖方不交货（一）要求实际履行要求实际履行义务的权利排在A46-52提及的补救办法清单的首位，这反映出根据公约规定，应尽量保持合同神圣，确保它的约束性。限制条件：但书“inconsistentwith”WWLEE一、卖方不交货（二）解除合同CISGA49(1)(1)Thebuyermaydeclarethecontractavoided:(a)ifthefailurebythesellertoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthecontractorthisConventionamountstoafundamentalbreachofcontract;or(b)incaseofnon-delivery,ifthesellerdoesnotdeliverthegoodswithintheadditionalperiodoftimefixedbythebuyerinaccordancewithparagraph(1)ofarticle47ordeclaresthathewillnotdeliverwithintheperiodsofixed.WWLEE一、卖方不交货（二）解除合同第49条第（1）款（b）是指卖方未履行交货义务，而且也未在买方按照第47条规定的额外时间内履行，或者声明不在该期间内履行，则买方可以宣布解除合同。总的来说，在延迟履行义务的情况下，随着履行义务的额外时间的到期，非根本违反合同会转变为根本违反合同。WWLEE一、卖方不交货（三）请求损害赔偿CISGA45(1)IfthesellerfailstoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthecontractorthisConvention,thebuyermay:(a)exercisetherightsprovidedinarticles46to52;(b)claimdamagesasprovidedinarticles74to77.(2)Thebuyerisnotdeprivedofanyrighthemayhavetoclaimdamagesbyexercisinghisrighttootherremedies.(3)Noperiodofgracemaybegrantedtothesellerbyacourtorarbitraltribunalwhenthebuyerresortstoaremedyforbreachofcontract.WWLEE一、卖方不交货（三）请求损害赔偿第45条第（1）款（b）项构成买方可要求损害赔偿权利的法律基础。而就损害赔偿的金额而言，应按照第74-76条的规定解决，其规定的是计算损害赔偿金的原则、方法，以及应考虑的因素。第45条第（2）款明确了当卖方违约时，买方不只是可选择本条第（1）款的各种救济方法之一种，而是可以同时享有几种救济方法。WWLEE一、卖方不交货（三）请求损害赔偿CISGA74Damagesforbreachofcontractbyonepartyconsistofasumequaltotheloss,includinglossofprofit,sufferedbytheotherpartyasaconsequenceofthebreach.Suchdamagesmaynotexceedthelosswhichthepartyinbreachforesaworoughttohaveforeseenatthetimeoftheconclusionofthecontract,inthelightofthefactsandmattersofwhichhethenkneworoughttohaveknown,asapossibleconsequenceofthebreachofcontract.WWLEE一、卖方不交货（三）请求损害赔偿CISGA74形式：金钱赔偿、恢复原状构成：实际损失、利润损失性质：补偿性质可预见性WWLEE一、卖方不交货（三）请求损害赔偿CISGA75Ifthecontractisavoidedandif,inareasonablemannerandwithinareasonabletimeafteravoidance,thebuyerhasboughtgoodsinreplacementorthesellerhasresoldthegoods,thepartyclaimingdamagesmayrecoverthedifferencebetweenthecontractpriceandthepriceinthesubstitutetransactionaswellasanyfurtherdamagesrecoverableunderarticle74.WWLEE一、卖方不交货（三）请求损害赔偿CISGA75适用场合：转售、补进（recover）方法：“合同价格和替代货物交易价格之间的差额”以及根据第74条可以取得的其他损害赔偿金。限制：“在一段合理时间”“合理方式”WWLEE一、卖方不交货（三）请求损害赔偿CISGA76(1)Ifthecontractisavoidedandthereisacurrentpriceforthegoods,thepartyclaimingdamagesmay,ifhehasnotmadeapurchaseorresaleunderarticle75,recoverthedifferencebetweenthepricefixedbythecontractandthecurrentpriceatthetimeofavoidanceaswellasanyfurtherdamagesrecoverableunderarticle74.If,however,thepartyclaimingdamageshasavoidedthecontractaftertakingoverthegoods,thecurrentpriceatthetimeofsuchtakingovershallbeappliedinsteadofthecurrentpriceatthetimeofavoidance.WWLEE一、卖方不交货（三）请求损害赔偿CISGA76(2)Forthepurposesoftheprecedingparagraph,thecurrentpriceisthepriceprevailingattheplacewheredeliveryofthegoodsshouldhavebeenmadeor,ifthereisnocurrentpriceatthatplace,thepriceatsuchotherplaceasservesasareasonablesubstitute,makingdueallowancefordifferencesinthecostoftransportingthegoods.WWLEE一、卖方不交货（三）请求损害赔偿CISGA76适用场合：未转售、补进方法：时价限制：时价的时间、地点WWLEE二、延迟交货（一）解除合同CISGA49(1)(1)Thebuyermaydeclarethecontractavoided:(a)ifthefailurebythesellertoperformanyofhisobligationsunderthecontractorthisConventionamountstoafundamentalbreachofcontract;or(b)incaseofnon-delivery,ifthesellerdoesnotdeliverthegoodswithintheadditionalperiodoftimefixedbythebuyerinaccordancewithparagraph(1)ofarticle47ordeclaresthathewillnotdeliverwithinthepe