语义翻译和交际翻译

PeterNewmark“V”DiagramTranslationMethodsAboutTranslation《论翻译》ApproachestoTranslation《翻译探索》ATextbookofTranslation《翻译教程》纽马克提出将文本划分为三大类：表达型文本(expressivetext)信息型文本(informativetext)号召型文本(vocativetext)PeterNewmark表达型文本（强调原作者的权威地位）严肃文学作品（抒情诗小说戏剧）权威言论（领导人政治演说）自传随笔个人通信等信息型文本（强调“真实性”）教材专业报告报刊文章学术论文/著会议纪要等号召型文本（号召读者思考感受，并作出反应或采取行动）告示说明书广告宣传劝导性文字通俗小说等语义翻译交际翻译SLTextemphasisTLemphasisWordforwordAdaptationLiteraltranslationFreetranslationFaithfultranslationIdiomatictranslationSemantictranslationCommunicativetranslation“V”DiagramSLTextemphasisTLemphasisWordforwordAdaptationLiteraltranslationFreetranslationFaithfultranslationIdiomatictranslationSemantictranslationCommunicativetranslationSLTextemphasisTLemphasisWordforwordAdaptationLiteraltranslationFreetranslationFaithfultranslationIdiomatictranslationSemantictranslationCommunicativetranslationSLTextemphasisTLemphasisWordforwordAdaptationLiteraltranslationFreetranslationFaithfultranslationIdiomatictranslationSemantictranslationCommunicativetranslationSLTextemphasisTLemphasisWordforwordAdaptationLiteraltranslationFreetranslationFaithfultranslationIdiomatictranslationSemantictranslationCommunicativetranslationSLTextemphasisTLemphasisWordforwordAdaptationLiteraltranslationFreetranslationFaithfultranslationIdiomatictranslationSemantictranslationCommunicativetranslation★Word-for-wordTranslation★LiteralTranslation★FaithfulTranslation★FreeTranslation★Adaptation★IdiomaticTranslation★SemanticTranslation★CommunicativeTranslationTranslationMethodsWord-for-wordTranslation逐字翻译TheSLword-orderispreservedandthewordstranslatedsinglybytheirmostcommonmeanings,outofcontext.例1：IfMainStreetdidn’tunderstandthis,WallStreetdid.原译：如果主街不理解，华尔街是理解的。改译：这一点，一般人不理解，华尔街那些大老板们却是明白的。例2：Heisasgoodasdead.原译：他同死一样好。改译：他几乎死去。LiteralTranslation直译TheSLgrammaticalconstructionsareconvertedtotheirnearestTLequivalentsbutthelexicalwordsareagaintranslatedsingly,outofcontext.•当译出语和译入语在引申义和语用上相吻合时，可采用直译。•直译要求再现原文的思想内容和艺术风格，要求保存原文的语法结构和基本句型，要求保存原文的比喻形象和修辞色彩，总之，直译要求双语在词语形式上和句法结构上的对应和对等。例1：Ireadhisletterwithbothsurpriseandexcitement,surprisebecauseheisstillaround,excitementbecauseheneverforgotme.译文：我读到他的来信，既惊又喜。惊的是他还健在，喜的是他一直没有忘记我。例2：crocodiletears鳄鱼的眼泪armedtotheteeth武装到牙齿chainreaction连锁反应gentlemen’sagreement君子协定FaithfulTranslation忠实翻译•ItattemptstoreproducetheprecisecontextualmeaningoftheoriginalwithintheconstraintsoftheTLgrammaticalstructures.•例：挪威队的时尚装扮并未影响他们的比赛状态。本周一，挪威队以9比2的比分战胜法国队，在共有十国参加的小组循环赛中位列第二。译：Norway’sfashionsensehasn’taffectedtheirformwithMonday’s9-2winoverFranceputtingthemsecondinthetableinthe10-nationround-group.FreeTranslation意译★Itreproducesthematterwithoutthemanner,orthecontentwithouttheformoftheoriginal.例1：Shewasbornwithasilverspooninhermouth;shethinksshecandowhatshelikes.直译：她嘴里含着银勺子出生，认为可以做任何她喜欢做的事情。意译：她生长在富贵之家，认为凡事都可以随心所欲。例2：你不要班门弄斧。直译：Don’tdisplayyouraxeatLuBan’sdoor.意译：Neveroffertoteachafishtoswim.Adaptation改编•Thisisthe“freest”formoftranslation.Itisusedforplaysandpoetry;thethemes,characters,plotsarepreserved,theSLcultureconvertedtotheTLcultureandthetextrewritten.例1：白发三千丈，缘愁似个长。Long,longismywhiteninghair,Long,longisitladenwithcare.例2：今又重阳，战地黄发分外香。AndnowtheDoubleNinthcomesround,Howsweetareyellowflowersonthebattleground!例：大：哦，爸爸吃完饭还要喝茶的。（向四凤）四凤，你怎么不把那一两四块八的龙井沏上，尽叫爸爸生气。HAI:Well,well,soFatherwouldliketeaafterhisdinner.(ToSifeng)Whatdoyoumeanbyit,Sifeng?UpsettingFatherlikethat!Youshouldhavemadehimapotofbest-qualityLunching—it’sonlyfourdollarseightyanounce.IdiomaticTranslation习语翻译/地道翻译•Itreproducesthe“message”oftheoriginalbuttendstodistortnuancesofmeaningbypreferringcolloquialismsandidiomswherethesedonotexistintheoriginal.例1：挥金如土spendmoneylikewater例2：Loveme,lovemydog.爱屋及乌SemanticTranslation语义翻译•ItdiffersfromfaithfultranslationonlyinasfarasitmusttakemoreaccountoftheaestheticvalueoftheSLtext,compromisingon“meaning”whereappropriatesothatnoassonance,word-playorrepetitionjarsinthefinishedversion.•语义翻译强调的是原文信息的传递，它更倾向于以原作和源语文化为基础，力求在最大程度上展现原作的味道，这种方法指导下翻译出来的作品更加忠实于原文。适用领域及范围：1.为了介绍或传播中国文化而作的翻译儒教Confucianism磕头kowtow阴ying阳yang相声cross-talk2.在翻译文学作品中，从传播中华文化的角度来说，可采用“语义翻译”法如：谋事在人，成事在天。（《红楼梦》）杨宪益夫妇：Manproposes,Heavendisposes.3.中国人姓名的翻译方法4.新闻报道科技文献公文信函宣传资料广告公共场所的通知标语通俗小说。。。。。。CommunicativeTranslation交际翻译•Communicativetranslationattemptstorendertheexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginalinsuchawaythatbothcontentandlanguagearereadilyacceptableandcomprehensibletothereadership.•交际翻译注重功能的传达，它更倾向于译作和异语文化。在这种翻译方法指导下的作品，主要注重的是读者的反应，即追求的是原作的读者反应与译作的读者反应的一致，因此它更注重信息的翻译。例1：如：谋事在人，成事在天。（《红楼梦》）霍克斯：Manproposes,GodDisposes.例2：国家二级企业原译：StateSecond-classEnterprise交际翻译法：State-levelIIEnterprise例3：Wetpaint!语义翻译：湿油漆！交际翻译：油漆未干，请勿触摸！