79语言学概论

南阳师院文学院语言学概论linguistics南阳师院文学院RequirmentsandevaluationthecurriculumMentalpreparationbecalmbepatientLearningmethodsAnalysis&ConclusionCurriculumgoalsTeachingmethodsEvaluationmethods南阳师院文学院目录内容语言结构语言和语言研究文字语言的发展和变化语言学习和语言康复语言运用南阳师范学院文学院南阳师范学院文学院第一章语言和语言研究Languageandlinguistics1Functionoflanguage2Languageplanning3Briefhistoryaboutthelanguagestudies4语言是什么？人类用与交际和思维的最重要的符号系统。Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(语言是一个具有任意性、用于人类交流的语音符号系统。)区别：思维形象思维逻辑思维运动思维语言的性质（DesignFeatures）符号性约定性和任意性作为符号，语言的特殊性在于1.2.3.ArbitrarinessThereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.thearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationanditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions系统性首先表现在它的层级性上。Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.②.任何语言单位都处在组合关系、聚合关系Sequential(syntagmatic)relations组合关系ThelinearorderingofthewordsandthephraseswithinasentenceSubstitutional(paradigmatic)relations(聚合关系)Ifthewordsorphrasesinasentencecanbereplacedbywordsandphrasesoutsidethesentenceandtheresultingsentenceisstillgrammatical,thenwesaythereplacingformsandreplacedformshaveparadigmaticrelations.生成性和民族性生成性produtiveaiaoaouaanangbapa电n+n电灯电扇电车电脑电报民族性national语音辅音元音词汇同胞语义场句法语序虚词词形变化语言和言语LangueandparoleTheSwisslinguistF.deSaussuremadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleearly20thcentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Saussuremadethedistinctioninordertosingleoutoneaspectoflanguageforseriousstudy.Hebelieveswhatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole,todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.中文区别见课本P2-3Speechisconsistedofinnerandouterspeech.言语可分为内部言语和外部言语。南阳师院文学院口语和书面语SpeechandwritingSpeechandwritingarethetwomajormediaofcommunicat-ion.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthewrittenform.Reasonsare:1.Speechprecedeswriting;2.Therearestillmanylanguagesthathaveonlythespokenform;3.Intermsoffunction,thespokenlanguageisusedforawiderrangeofpurposesthanthewritten,andcarriesalargerloadofcommunicationthanthewritten.共同语和方言LinguaFrancaVSDialectsLinguaFranca/CommonlanguageAlinguafranca(Englishpronunciation:/ˌlɪŋgwəˈfraŋkə/)alsocalledabridgelanguage,orvehicularlanguage,isalanguagesystematically(asopposedtooccasionally,orcasually)usedtomakecommunicationpossiblebetweenpersonsnotsharinganativelanguage,inparticularwhenitisathirdlanguage,distinctfrombothnativelanguages.[2]南阳师院文学院Whereasavernacularlanguageisusedasanativelanguageinasinglespeakercommunity,alinguafrancagoesbeyondtheboundariesofitsoriginalcommunity,andisusedasasecondlanguageforcommunicationbetweengroups.Forexample,EnglishisavernacularintheUnitedKingdom,butisusedasavehicularlanguage(i.e.,alinguafranca)inthePhilippines.南阳师院文学院InternationalauxiliarylanguagessuchasEsperantohavenothadahighlevelofadoptionglobally,sotheycannotbedescribedasgloballinguafrancas,althoughtheyplaythisroleinvariouscontexts.南阳师院文学院二、什么是语言学是研究语言及其相关问题的科学。Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage基础研究basicresearch具体语言学和普通语言学历时语言学和共时语言学应用研究appliedresearch交叉研究cross-overresearch第二节语言的功能FunctionsoflanguageTheReferentialFunction指称功能TheExpressive(alternativelycalled“emotive”or“affective”)Function表达功能TheConativeFunction意动功能ThePoeticFunction诗学功能ThePhaticFunction交际功能TheMetalingual(alternativelycalled“metalinguistic”or“reflexive”)Function元语言功能TheReferentialFunctioncorrespondstothefactorofMessageanddescribesasituation,objectormentalstate.Thedescriptivestatementsofthereferentialfunctioncanconsistofbothdefinitedescriptionsanddeicticwords,e.g.Theautumnleaveshaveallfallennow.TheExpressive(alternativelycalledemotiveoraffective)FunctionrelatestotheAddresser(sender)andisbestexemplifiedbyinterjectionsandothersoundchangesthatdonotalterthedenotativemeaningofanutterancebutdoaddinformationabouttheAddresser's(speaker's)internalstate,e.g.Wow,whataview!南阳师院文学院TheConativeFunctionengagestheAddressee(receiver)directlyandisbestillustratedbyvocativesandimperatives,e.g.Tom!Comeinsideandeat!南阳师院文学院ThePoeticFunctionfocusesonthemessageforitsownsake(thecodeitself,andhowitisused)andistheoperativefunctioninpoetryaswellasslogans.玲珑塔，塔玲珑。玲珑宝塔十三层。绕口令ThePhaticFunctionislanguageforthesakeofinteractionandisthereforeassociatedwiththeContactfactor.ThePhaticFunctioncanbeobservedingreetingsandcasualdiscussionsoftheweather,particularlywithstrangers.Italsoprovidesthekeystoopen,maintain,verifyorclosethecommunicationchannel:Hello?,Ok?,Hummm,Bye...南阳师院文学院TheMetalingual(alternativelycalledmetalinguisticorreflexive)Functionistheuseoflanguage(whatJakobsoncallsCode)todiscussordescribeitself.(AllthisarticleisanexampleofmetalinguisticFunction).南阳师院文学院第三节语言规划languageplaningLanguageplanningisadeliberateefforttoinfluencethefunction,structure,oracquisitionoflanguagesorlanguagevarietywithinaspeechcommunity.Itisoftenassociatedwithgovernmentplanning,butisalsousedbyavarietyofnon-governmentalorganizat