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大学物理(英文版)多媒体课件IntroductionChapter1KinematicsChapter2Newton’sLawsofMotionChapter3WorkandEnergyChapter4MomentumChapter5RotationofarigidbodyChapter6TheKineticTheoryofGasesChapter7FundamentalsofThermodynamicsVolume1Introduction2001.9.11Catastrophe(大灾难)宇宙:约1250亿个星系,每个星系由数千亿个恒星组成。银河系太阳系:地球,星星看得见的:你我他它分子原子原子核基本粒子相对论天体物理经典物理:力学,热等量子力学核物理量子场论物质世界银河系相对论天体物理量子天体物理学史蒂芬.霍金《时间简史》…TheGalaxySun:Earth,PlanetsThebodywecanseeMoleculesatomsnucleielementaryparticles……ThegeneralreletivityastrophsicsNewton’sMechanicsHeat,Thermodynamics…ElectromagneticTheoryQuantumMechanicsNuclearPhysicsQuantumFieldTheory…TheoryOurworldanduniverse宇宙半径:~1026m地球1024kg银河系:~1044kg我们的母亲:地球原子核半径:10-15m电子质量:10-31kg河外星系:1024m银河中心系:1020m太阳1030kg:1011m月亮:108m1969年7月16日美国东部时间9时23分阿波罗11号发射升空。三天后阿姆斯特朗奥尔德林柯林斯Mars(火星)机遇号ThesurfaceofMars(火星表面)OurworldandUniverseUniverseElementaryparticlesTheancientphysicsTheclassicalphysicsThemodernphysicsIntheviewofphysicshistory:主要讲授内容:经典力学相对论热学电磁学波动光学振动与波动量子论简介日常生活PhysicsChemistry化学Biology生物学Computer计算机科学Mechanics机械学Medicine医学Physics:fundamentalsandmethods.References(参考书)•张达宋《物理学基本教程》•李行一等,《物理学基本教程教学参考书》•李行一等,《物理学基本教程》习题分析与解答•张三慧等,《大学物理学》•Hallidayet.al《FundamentalsofPhysics》•W.Searset.al《UniversityPhysics》•史蒂芬.霍金,《时间简史》•盛正卯等,《物理学与人类文明》•B.K.里德雷,《时间、空间和万物》•…………..PartOneMechanics力学Chapter1Kinematics(运动学)质点运动学第一章质点运动学(Kinematics)§1-1参考系质点Frameofreferenceparticle§1-2位置矢量位移Positionvectoranddisplacement§1-3速度加速度Velocityandacceleration§1-4两类运动学问题TwotypesofProblems§1-6运动描述的相对性Relativemotion§1-5圆周运动及其描述Circularmotion1.理解描述质点运动物理量的定义及其矢量性、相对性和瞬时性;2.掌握运动方程的物理意义,会用微积分方法求解运动学两类问题;3.掌握平面抛体运动和圆周运动的规律;4.理解运动描述的相对性,会用速度合成定理和加速度合成定理解题。教学基本要求重要历史人物伽利略GalileoGalilei:1564~1642意大利物理学家、数学家、天文学家,近代实验科学的创始人。主要贡献:•发明了望远镜,维护、坚持和发展了哥白尼学说,发现木星的四个卫星;•摆的等时性、惯性定律、落体运动定律;•运动的合成原理和独立性原理,相对性原理;•方法:实验科学。§1-1FrameofReferenceParticle(质点)1.FrameofReference(参照系)Whenwediscussthepositionandthevelocity(速度)ofanobject,wemustanswerthequestions:“positionwithrespectto(相对于)what?”and“Velocitywithrespecttowhat?”Ifwechoosedifferentobjectsasthereferenceframestodescribethemotionofagivenbody,theindications(结果)willbedifferent.Itisconvenienttotaketheearth’ssurfaceasourframeofreferenceinmostcasesinthiscourse.(Whatcases?)Coordinatesystem(坐标系):fixedontheframe,relativetowhichposition,velocity,accelerationandorbitoftheobjectcanbespecifiedquantitatively.CartesianCoordinatesystem(直角坐标系):oXZFigure1-2Quantitatively:定量地2.Particles(质点)Particle(质点)isanidealmodel,insomecircumstances(情况、形势).Wecantreatabodyasaparticle,andconcentrateonitstranslationalmotion(平动)andignore(忽略)alltheothermotions.点:有质量无大小无体积3.Time(时刻)andtimeinterval(时间)Timetisagiveninstant,andtimeinterval(间隔)△tisthedifferenceoftwogiveninstants.Weusetheformertodescribe(描述)thestateoftheobject,thelattertodescribetheprocess.(过程)4.Units(单位)InternationalSystemofUnits(SI:SystmeInternationald’Units法语)isusedinChinakg:千克kilogrammlengthm:米meterLTimets:秒secondmass5.Scalarandvector(标量和矢量):Twotypesofphysicalquantities(量):Scalars:mass,length,speed,temperature…..Vectors:velocity,acceleration,momentum...VectorA(black):itsmagnitude(大小)anddirection(方向)mayberepresentedbyalineOPdirectedfromtheinitialpointOtotheterminal(终)pointPanddenoted(标记)byOPoPAAddition(加):ThetwovectorsAandBisaddedinfollowingway:C=A+BBACABInCartesiancoordinatesystem(直角坐标系):kAjAiAAzyxareunitvectorsalongOX,OY,OZkandji,OXYZIntwodimension(维):jAiAAyxOXYxAyAxyAAtgjBAiBAABjCiCCyyxxyx)()(IfjAiAAyxandjBiBByx,wehave:xxxBACyyyBACObviously(显然):InonedimensionIntwodimensionInthreedimensionInourteaching,wewillmainlydealwith(涉及)twodimensionalmotions:motioninaplane.Rectilinearmotion(直线)Curvilinearmotion(曲线)Circularmotion(圆周)Mechanicalmotions(机械运动)§1-2PositionVectorandDisplacementP(x,y,z)zrYX1.PositionVectorPositionvectorisavectorthatextentsfromtheoriginofthecoordinatesystemtotheparticle’spositionasshowninFigurerkzjyixr222zyxrrMagnitude:rxcosrzcosrycosInthetwodimension:jtyitxtrr)()()(Itstwocomponents(分量))()(tyytxx)(xyyPathequation(轨迹方程)eliminating消去xyoPr)y,x(2.Displacement(位移):Displacementisintroducedtodescribethechangeinpositionduringagiventimeinterval:rxyoP1r1t2t2rr12rrrThatisjyyixxjyixjyixr)()(12121122xyoP1r1t2t2rrItsmagnitude(大小)212212)()(yyxxrThegeometrical(几何)meaningofandthedifferencesamongthem.rrs,,rsNote:Example1.1:Aparticleislocatedatatjir751andatat.Findthedisplacementinthistimeinterval.jir5321t2tSolution:jijirrr28755312)()(§1-3Velocity(速度)andAcceleration(加速度)Average(平均)velocity:1.Velocity1212ttrrtrVwhichhasadirectionassameasthatofrAveragespeed(速率):tsV所用的时间走过的路程xyoP1r1t2t2rrsxyoPrt2t2rrV(Instantaneous瞬时)velocityattimet:trtrtVtdd0limItisinthetangent(切线)ofthepathandpointsattheadvancedirection.Direction:xyoPrtVMagnitude(大小):VtstrttddV0limV---speed(瞬时)速率时弧长等于弦长0tInthecoordinatesystem:jViVjtyitxtrVyxddddddtyVtxVyxddddxyoPrtVxVyVMagnitudeofthevelocity:22yxVVVTheangleformedbetweenand+xdirection
本文标题:大学物理英文版
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