欧洲文化入门重要信息点

1Introduction(介绍)1、TherearemanyelementsconstitutingEuropeanCulture.2、Therearetwomajorelements:Greco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.TherichnessofEuropeanCulturewascreatedbyGreco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.DivisonOneGreekCultureandRomanCulture1、The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensSparta.2、TheeconomyofAthensrestedonanimmenseamountofslavelabour.3、AncientGreece’sepicswascreatedbyHomer.4、TheHomer’sepicsconsistedofIliadandOdyssey.5、DramainAncientGreecewasflouredinthe5thcenturyB.C.6、Threemastersintragedy三大悲剧大师①AeschylusPrometheusBound—→ShellyPrometheusUnbound②Sophocles(之首)OedipustheKing—→Freud’s“theOedipuscomplex”(恋母情结)—→DavidHerbertLawrence’sSonsandlovers③EuripidesA．TrojanWomenB．Heisthefirstwriterof“problemplays”(社会问题剧)C．ElizabethBrowningcalledhim“Euripideshuman”(一个纯粹的人)D．RealismcanbetracedbacktotheAncientGreece.Tobespecific,Euripides.7、TheonlyrepresentativeofGreekcomedyisAristophanes.Aristophaneswritesaboutnature.Swiftsaysofhim“AsforcomicAristophanes,Thedogtoowittyandtooprofaneis.”8、History(Historicalwriting)“FatherofHistory”—→Herodotus—→war(betweenGreeksandPersians)ThiswariscalledPeleponicionwars.“Thegreatesthistorianthateverlived.”—→Thucydides—→war(Sparta,AthensandSyracuse)9、①Euclid’sElements解析几何ItwasinuseinEnglishschoolsuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.②ArchimedesHisworknotonlyingeometry几何学,butalsoinarithmetic算术,machanics机械,andhydrostatics.流体静力学Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.（Archimedes）10、ThemeltingbetweenRomanCultureandGreekCulture.(罗马征服希腊的标志)From146B.C.,LatinwasthelanguageofthewesternhalfoftheRomanEmpire.Greekthatoftheeasternhalf.BothLatinandGreekbelongtoIndo-Europeanlanguage.11、ThedividingrangeintheRomanhistoryrefersto27B.C.12、Theyear27B.C.DividedtheRomanhistoryintotwoperiods:republicandempire.13、TheideaofRepubliccanbetracedbacktoPlato’srepublic.214、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteedbytheRomanlegions(罗马军团)15、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasknownasPaxRomana.(神圣罗马帝国)16、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteedbytheRomanlegions,itwasknownasPaxRomana17、TheRomanLawprotectedtherightsofplebeians(平民).18、TheimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstotheEuropeanculturewastheRomanLaw.19、After395,theempirewasdividedintoEast(theByzantineEmpire)andWest.20、Cicero西赛罗hislegalandpoliticalspeechesaremodelsofLatindiction拉丁语用词describedasCiceronian.西赛罗式的anenormousinfluence(巨大影响)onthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.21、Virgil:Aeneid阿尼德22、Thepantheonwasbuiltin27B.C.Theworld’sfirstvastinteriorspace.世界上第一所最大的室内场所23、TherepresentationformofGreekDemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式24、TheembodimentofGreekdemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的具体形式25.ManyofPlato’sideaswerelaterabsorbedintoChristianthought.HowdidtheAncientGreekphilosophydevelop?(1)、Threefounders1、Pythagoras①Allthingswerenumbers.②Scientificmathematics.③Theoryofproportion.比例的理论2、Heracleitue①Fireistheprimaryelementsoftheuniverse.火是万物之源②Thetheoryoftheminglingofoppositesproducedharmony.矛盾的对立统一3、Democritus①theatomictheory.第一个原子理论开拓者②materialism.唯物主义(2)、Threethinkers1、Socrates①Hehadn’tworks.WecanknowhimfromPlato’sdialogues.②ThedialecticalmethodwasestablishedbySocrates.2、Plato①TheAcademyisthefirstschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyPlato.②Hehasfourworks.Dialogues,Apology,SymposiumandRepublic.3、Aristotle①TheLyceumisthesecondschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyAristotle.②Aristotleisahumanist.(2)、Fivecontendingschools1、TheSophists诡辩派3①UndertheleadershipofProtagoras.②TherepresentativeofworkisOntheGod.诸神论③Hisdoctrineis“manisthemeasureofallthings”.2、TheCynics犬儒派①UndertheleadershipofDiogenes.②Theword“cynic”means“dog”inEnglish.③Heproclaimedhisbrotherhood.Andhehadnopatiencewiththerichandpowerful.3、TheSceptics置疑学派①UndertheleadershipofPyrrhon.②Histhoughtisnotallknowledgewasattainable,anddoubtingthetruthofwhatothersacceptedastrue.4、TheEpicureans享乐派①UndertheleadershipofEpicurus.②Pleasuretobethehighestgoodinlifebutnotsensualenjoyment.Pleasurecouldbeattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.Epicuruswasamaterialist.Hebelievedthattheworldconsistedofatoms.5、TheStoics斯多哥派①UndertheleadershipofZeno.②Histhoughtisdutyisthemostimportantthinginlife.Oneshouldendurehardshipandmisfortunewithcourage.DevelopedintoStoics’duty.Hewasalsoamaterialist.What’sthedifferencebetweenPlatoandAristotleintermsoftheirphilosophicalideas(system)？1、Foronething,Aristotleemphasizeddirectobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.ThisisdifferentfromPlato’srelianceonsubjectivethinking.2、Foranother,hethoughtthat“form”andmattertogethermadeupconcreteindividualrealities.Here,too,hedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld3、Aristotlethoughthappinesswasmen’saiminlife，butnothappinessinthevulgarsense,butsomethingthatcouldonlybeachievedbyleadingalifeofreason,goodnessandcontemplation.WhatisthegreatsignificanceofGreekCultureonthelater-onculturaldevelopment?TherehasbeenanenduringexcitementaboutclassicalGreekcultureinEuropeandelsewhere.RediscoveryofGreekcultureplayedavitalpartintheRen